AMERICA IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM2000-Today

The New Millennium Timeline 2000: Presidential Election Controversy

2001: Bush Inauguration

2001: September 11th Attacks

2001: US begins bombing Afghanistan

2001: Patriot Act

2002: Educational Reforms

Timeline (continued) 2003: US invades Iraq

2004: Bush Reelected

2005: Hurricane Katrina

2007: Pelosi—first female Speaker of the House

2008: Obama wins presidency

2010: Republican takeover of the House

The 2000 Presidential Election

The 2000 Presidential Election Popular Vote

Gore: 50,999,897 Bush: 50,456,002 Nader: 2,882,955

Electoral College Bush: 271 Gore: 266*

*One elector from Washington D.C. abstained from casting a vote

QUESTION: HOW CAN THE PERSON WITH THE MOST VOTES NOT WIN THE

PRESIDENCY?

The Issue in Florida Last state to report results

Both Gore and Bush needed the 25 votes to win the presidency

Too close to call State law requires recount Gore requests hand recount

Bush v. Gore Supreme Court Case (Read on Pg. 1034 on your own)

Early Bush Policies Tax cuts to boost economy

Education Reforms Standardized Tests (No Child Left Behind) Federal Funding for Private Schools (Voted Down)

Medicare Reforms

Strategic Defense Programs

Tomorrow’s Class/Homework Tomorrow

September 11th Attacks

Rise of Terrorism

Homework Finishing reading

Chapter 31 by Tuesday (Quiz on Tuesday)

Classroom Expectations Reminder of Dress Code: Hats off in class

Get to class on time and be prepared to start

RESPECT

New Classroom Policy involving Rules/Grades

Quiz on Tuesday: Chapter 31 2000 Election Bush Policies September 11th

Al-Qaeda Western World/Muslim

Relations Homeland Security Guantanamo Bay/Abu

Ghraib Afghanistan

Global War on Terror Axis of Evil WMDs Iraq 2004/2006 Elections National Security

Administration Patriot Act Hurricane Katrina 2008 Election

SEPTEMBER 11TH

RISE OF TERRORISMUnit 10

September 11, 2001

The Headlines

What is Terrorism?

Terrorism is violence … …that is deliberate

and premeditated, never random.   ... that is politically

motivated..

... that targets innocent civilians (or noncombatants). 

… that’s carried out by subnational groups.

... that’s aimed at a wide audience.

... that’s meant to create a state of fear.

... that’s usually directed against some hated government.

one’s own government. a foreign government. a foreign supporter of one’s own government.

Definitions of Terrorism :

“Premeditated and politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncom-batant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. -U.S. State Department

  “The deliberate use of violence against civilians for political

or religious ends.” -Council of Foreign Relations   “Illegal attacks and threats against people or property by a

group for the purpose of weakening a hated political authority. - IR text

There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. Why not?

UN tried to draft definition of terrorism in 2002, but failed because of disagreements over which groups should be treated as terrorists.

Some would exempt “national liberation movements” or those “resisting occupation.”

“One Man’s Terrorist is Another Man’s Freedom Fighter””

State-sponsored Terrorism

U.S. State Department’s terrorism blacklist:

Iran*Syria*SudanCuba

* Most active state sponsors today

***Others believed to have supported terrorists in the past but are no longer blacklisted include Libya and Iraq.

Rise of Islamic Terrorist Groups

Since late 1990s more deadly terrorist attacks.

Political goals less clear.

Inflicting greatest possible number of casualties seems tobe the primary goal.

  Linked to rise of Islamic

terrorist groups.

 

Islamic Terrorism

Many of the terrorists we face today are Islamic extremists.

View themselves as fighting jihad (“holy war”)against the enemies of Islam.

  Difficult to deter. Why? 

Islamic Fundamentalism“Islamic Extremism” or “Radical Islam”

Radical and extreme form of Islam that has contributed to the rise of religiously motivated terrorism

Islamic fundamentalism IS NOT ACTIVELY SUPPORTED BY MOST OF THE WORLD’S MUSLIMS TODAY!

Beliefs / Goals of Islamic Fundamentalism

Wants to return to a strict, conservative, “pure” Islam as practiced in the 7th century by the Prophet Mohammad.

Rejects Western ideas and practices. Wants to rid Muslim world of all Western influences. Views Western culture as corrupting, immoral, and materialistic.

Wants to establish Islamic governments (theocracies) based on Islamic law (Shari’a) throughout the Muslim world.

Goal is to overthrow all secular, pro-Western governments and replace them with Islamic dictatorships.

Opposed to democracy because it puts the will of the people and man-made law ahead of God’s commandments.

Views all Jews and Christians as infidels (“non-believers”) and as enemies of Islam. Calls for the destruction of Israel.

The War on Terrorism

The Significance of 9-11

Changed the focus of U.S. foreign policy overnight.

The “war on terrorism” became the central concern of the Bush administration.

There was no “war on terror-ism” before 9-11.

Bush’s Response

Characterized attacks as “more than acts of terror, they were acts of war”.

“We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.”

Viewed war on terrorism with “moral clarity” - as a war between good and evil.

QUESTION TO CONSIDER: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIGHTING TERRORISM AND FIGHTING A WAR?

Bush’s Response

“Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make: Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.”

Recruited worldwide coalition to fight a “war on terrorism.”

Worldwide Support for U.S.

Strong support from U.S. allies.

NATO invoked Article 5 of its charter for the first and only time!

“The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all..”

Alliances Formal agreement (treaty) between two or more

countries to protect each other in case of attack. Based on the idea of collective security--the

principle that aggression against one state is aggression against all and should be defeated by the collective action of all.

Alliances are not necessarily based on ideology or shared values.

Alliances of convenience do occur (example: US-Pakistan relationship today)

War’s First Phase: Afghanistan (October, 2001) Military retaliation against

al Qaeda and Taliban regime providing safe haven to bin Laden

Unconventional war fought by: CIA operatives & U.S. Special

Forces. Northern Alliance allies

Supported by intense U.S.bombing campaign

Afghanistan, 2001

Results:

Al Qaeda bases destroyed.

Taliban defeated and removed from power.

New pro-Western Afghan government put in place.

Most Taliban and al Qaeda leaders escaped intoneighboring Pakistan.

Afghanistan’s president

Hamid Karzai

The Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)

War on terrorism remainsa global campaign with no boundaries -- and no end in sight.

Al Qaeda and its off-shootsexist all over the world.

Requires U.S. assistance to

-- and from -- many othergovernments.

Means U.S. military advisors and Special Forces operating throughout the world.

Al Qaeda: A Global Terrorist Network

Major Terrorist Attacks Since 9-11

London2005

Madrid 2004

Bali 2002

Mumbai2008

The “Axis of Evil”

2002 State of the Union speech – President Bush expanded scope of war on terrorism to include rogue states possessing or devel-oping Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Said an “Axis of Evil” existed in the world today:

Iran Iraq North Korea

Axis of Evil

Accused all three states of seeking WMDs and said U.S. would do “whatever was necessary” to keep these states from acquiring such weapons.

Accused all three countriesof having links with terrorist groups.

Axis of Evil

Some U.S. allies had strong reservations about expand-ing war on terrorism against these states.

None of these countries had been linked to Sept. 11.

Concerns over what the U.S. planned next – especially in regards to Iraq.

The Bush Doctrine

Doctrine asserted that U.S. must defend itself by acting preemptively against these terrorists and rogue states – before they can use WMD against us.

Asserted right to act against “emerging” threats “before they are fully formed” -- not just immediate threats

Controversial interpretationof the tradition right to self-defense. Why?

Preemption vs. Prevention

Sounded more like preventive war, not preemption. What’s the difference?

Preemption involves the use of force to stop an imminent threat.

Preventive war involves the use of force to stop potential or future threats.

The Bush Doctrine and Iraq

The war in Iraq was the only application of the Bush Doctrine.

War based on threat posed by Iraq’s WMD and its supposed ties to terrorism.

Implications for the Bush Doctrine?

Al Qaeda Today

Many leaders have been killedor captured since 9-11. Al Qaeda is significantly weakened, but is still a threat.

Core leadership operating from Pakistan today. Goal is still thetargeting of the U.S.

Local groups linked to al Qaeda in Yemen, Somalia, and NorthAfrica are emerging as the next threat.

Obama and the War on Terrorism

Obama administrationhas junked the phrase“war on terrorism.”

Trying to narrow focus on al Qaeda alone, andnot on other groups that aren’t targeting the U.S.

Pragmatic approach – arecognition that we can’tdefeat every terrorist group.

The Rise of al Qaeda

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

Soviet Union invadedAfghanistan in 1979.

Mujahedeen (“Holywarriors”) from all overIslamic world fought jihad against Soviets.

CIA funded, trained, andarmed the mujahedeen.

Soviets defeated in 1989.

Osama bin Laden

Wealthy Saudi who raised money to train and arm mujahedeen.

Led Arab fighters in battles against Soviets.

These Arabs were the start of al Qaeda (“The Base”)

Bin Laden’s Path From Afghanistan to 9-11

1989 - Returns to Saudi Arabia after Soviets are defeated.

1990 - Turns against Saudi government and U.S.when U.S. troops are based in Saudi Arabia during Persian Gulf War.

1991 - Expelled from Saudi Arabia. Flees to Sudan. 1996 - Expelled from Sudan. Offered sanctuary in

Afghanistan by the Taliban. Sets up terrorist training camps for al Qaeda.

1998 - Proclaims jihad against Americans and Jews. Issues fatwa saying it was the duty of every Muslim “to kill Americans.”

Why Did bin Laden Target the U.S. ?

Believes U.S. wants to controlMuslim lands.

U.S. support of Israel, whichmurders Palestinians androbs them of their lands.

U.S. support for corrupt andrepressive governments inin Muslim countries like Egypt,Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.

America’s military presencein Saudi Arabia defiles Muslim’sholy land.

Al Qaeda: Targeting the U.S.

1998 U.S. embassies bombed in Kenya and Tanzania.

2000 Bombing of U.S.S. Cole in Yemenkilled 17 sailors.

 

The War in Afghanistan

Afghanistan: The “Other War”

2001 Taliban was defeated andremoved from power.

2003 Elite military units moved to Iraq as Afghanistan was overshadowed by the war in Iraq.

2004 While U.S. attention was diverted to Iraq,

Taliban regrouped and began insurgency to regain power.

Afghanistan: Losing the War?

2006- 2009 Insurgent violence inten-

sified and Taliban attacks have increased each year.

Large parts of the country have fallen under Taliban’s control.

Taliban using Pakistan asa safe haven from which to launch attacks.

Afghanistan: Losing the War?

Over 800 U.S. troops

have died since 2001.

U.S. casualties are on

the rise.

Gen. McChrystal sought

large increase in U.S. troops in late 2009 as

public support for the

war sharply declined.

Has always argued that Afghanistan is the real frontline in war on terrorism.

Pledged in campaign to send more troops.

Sent 21,000 more troops last spring and is now sending 30,ooo more

Obama and Afghanistan

The Debate Over Sending More Troops

Those who support sendingmore troops say the Talibaninsurgency must be defeatedbefore we can claim success.

Those who oppose sendingmore troops argue the war’s goals should be scaled backand we should focus oneliminating al Qaeda.

Afghanistan: It’s Obama’s War Now

The Iraqi Invasion

Iraq Timeline January 2002: Axis of Evil Speech

September 2002: Bush speaks to UN for resolution against Iraq

November 2002: Iraq readmits UN inspectors

March 2003: US-led invasion

May 1, 2003: Bush declares major combat over

Insurgency After the quick victory, fighting

continued Snipers, bombings, battles

US Goals: Stop insurgency, prevent Sunni-Shia Civil

War, create a new Iraqi government

Costs of Iraq US and allies spend $30 billion to

improve quality of life in Iraq Schools, Clean Water, Health Care,

Electricity

3,000 Americans killed by insurgents

Dilemma on pulling troops out

The Dilemma Pulling out troops

Civil War?

Safe Haven for Terrorists?

Staying in Iraq

Resentment to US

Radical Responses?

Solution: Get Iraqi government up and running as quickly as

possible.Train their troops to control country.

Hand over all control.

Prison Issues Abu Ghraib

Located in Iraq

Prisoners abused by US Soldiers

Central in 2004 Election

Guantanamo Bay

Located in Cuba

Debate over whether prisoners should have a lawyer, charges, and trial

Questionable “procedures”

Presidential Approval Ratings Consider the following about the Bush

administration: What events were turning points in his

public perception? President left with very low ratings, why do

you think that is the case? Where do you think President Obama’s

approval rating is right now?

http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html

2005-2011

Other Important Events

Hurricane Katrina (2005) Obliterated the Gulf Coast

At least 1200 deaths, thousands were left homeless, widespread power outages and flooding, building damage

FEMA unprepared?

Other important events New Supreme Court Justices

John Roberts (2005) Samuel Alito (2006) Sonia Sotomayor (2009) Elena Kagan (2010)

2006 Midterm Election Democrats take control of House of

Representatives Nancy Pelosi becomes first female Speaker

of the House 2008 Presidential Election: Obama

defeats McCain

Other important events Republican party retakes control of House

of Representatives John Boehner becomes Speaker of the House

Combat troops pulled out of Iraq (2010)

Debt ceiling crisis (2011)

2012 Presidential Election debates