Alphabet soup: CDM, VRA, CCO, METS, MODS, RDF - Why Metadata Matters

Alphabet Soup: CDM, VRA, CCO, METS, MODS, RDF – Why Metadata Matters

Amanda Xu

Candidate for Metadata Analyst at Iowa University Libraries

What is CDM (1)

• CDM = OCLC CONTENTdm Digital Collection Management Software

• CONTENTdm 6.8 was released on June 16, 2014 with improvements to Website configuration tool, XML sitemaps, and expanded range of available image download sizes

• CDM collection metadata fields compatible to qualified Dublin Core, VRA, OAI-PMH, etc.

• 125 fields per collection• 128,000 characters per field• Initiatives in 1) leveraging linked data in WorldCat via

WorldCat Digital Collection Gateway or 2) transforming CONTENTdm metadata into linked open data

What is CDM (2)

SOURCE: Ingram, G. (2014, August). OCLC CONTENTdm and the WorldCat Digital Collection Gateway. Available: http://www.contentdm.org/USC/training/CONTENTdm-DCG-Overview-20140812.pdf

Sample CDM Metadata Field Properties

SOURCE: Best Practices for CONTENTdm and other OAI-PMH Compliant Repositories; Creating Shareable Metadata (version 3.1)

Sample CDM OAI-PMH Record Using Qualified Dublin Core from Iowa Digital Library (1)

related collections

Sample CDM OAI-PMH Record Using Qualified Dublin Core from Iowa Digital Library (2)

SOURCE: Univ. of Iowa Libraries. Digital Research and Publishing (2014). Metadata extracted from OAI feed of records for materials in the Iowa Digital LibraryAvailable: http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/drp/technology/

Sample CDM Compound Object Record Display from Iowa Digital Library (1)

SOURCE: Iowa Digital Library. Oral history interview with Dora Martin Berry, August 14, 1997 [excepts]Available: http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/aawiowa/id/2102

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Sample CDM Compound Object Record Display from Libraries’ Smart Search (1)

SOURCE: University of Iowa Libraries Smart Search. Available: http://smartsearch.uiowa.edu/

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Regroup related collections into one field

Refine search result by genre type “sound”

Initiatives in leveraging linked data in WorldCatvia WorldCat Digital Collection Gateway

SOURCE: Sarason, C. (2014, May). CONTENTdm update. CONTENTdm Users Group Meeting at University of South Carolina. Available: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=cdmusers

Initiative in Transforming CONTENTdm Metadata into Linked Open Data

SOURCE: Lampert, C.K. & Southwick, S.B. (2013). Transforming CONTENTdm metadata into linked open data.CONTENTdm Virtual Conference, December 5, 2013.Available: http://www.contentdm.org/USC/training/2013/Lampert-Southwick-20131205.pdf

What is VRA Core

• “A data standard for the description of works of visual culture as well as the images that document them”

• Developed and maintained by the VRA Core Oversight Committee

• Current version VRA 4.0 in compliance to XML schema, released 4/9/2007

• VRA Core implementation from ARTstor

• In 2013, Linked Data in VRA 4.0 project converting VRA xml records into RDF/XML was completed by Jeff Mixter as his master thesis submitted to the College of Communication and Information of Kent State

Changes to Elements Between VRA 3.0 and 4.0

SOURCE: VRA Core 4.0 introduction. Available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/VRA_Core4_Intro.pdf

Outline of VRA Core 4.0 Elements

SOURCE: Eklund, J. “Got metadata?” VRA Core XML SEI 2007. Available: http://core.vraweb.org/pdfs/core4_xml.pdf

VRA Core 4.0 XML Schema

• “A schema is simply an XML file that contains the rules for what can and cannot reside in an XML data file.”

• “Specifying the valid elements, sub-elements, and attributes as well as the values they can contain (either by data type or by providing a list of values)”

• “Specifying which elements are required and/or are repeatable”• “Controlling the structure by specifying which elements can be nested”• Having two versions of the VRA Core 4.0 schema: unrestricted imposing no

restrictions on the values entered, and restricted imposing restrictions on the data values entered into the type attributes

• Enabling the export of information from relational or proprietary database to XML for the purposes of sharing that data beyond local system

Screenshot of VRA Core 4.0 Restricted Schema Type Values

SOURCE: http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/VRA_Core4_Restricted_schema_type_values.pdf

VRA Core 4.0 Example from http://aal.ucsd.edu/vracore4/example001.html (1)

VRA Core 4.0 Example from http://aal.ucsd.edu/vracore4/example001.html (2)

VRA Core 4.0 Example from http://aal.ucsd.edu/vracore4/example001.xml (3)

VRA Core Implementation from ARTstor (1)

SOURCE: ARTstor Digital Library. Available: http://www.artstor.org/index.shtml

VRA Core Implementation from ARTstor (2)

SOURCE: ARTstor Digital Library. Available: http://www.artstor.org/index.shtml

Create image group in user preferred work folder

Screenshot of Linked Data in VRA Core 4.0 Project

SOURCE: Mixter, J. (2013). Linked data in VRA Core 4.0: Converting VRA XML records into RDF/XML. Available: http://jmixter.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/thesis/

What is CCO (1)

• CCO = Cataloging Cultural Objects: A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and Their Images for Cultural Heritage Community, including Museums, Libraries, Image Collections and Archives

• Provides a set of cataloging rules and syntax conventions surrounding various elements from CDWA (Categories for Description of Works of Art) (which contains elements and rules) and VRA Core (which contains elements); it is more directly analogous to AACR and DACS (Describing Archives: A Content Standard)

• Promotes cataloging best practice for creating sharable metadata, building common practice, complementing diverse data structure, and improving discovery and access of cultural works

• Sponsored by the Visual Resources Association Foundation• Published by the American Library Association (ALA) in June 2006

What is CCO (2)

SOURCE: CCO Commons. Available from http://cco.vrafoundation.org/index.php/toolkit/cco_pdf_version/

VRA Core 4.0 and CCO

A Sample CCO Record from CCO Commons

SOURCE: CCO Commons. Category examples: 4 paintings.http://cco.vrafoundation.org/index.php/toolkit/index_of_examples/category_examples_4_paintings/example_1_predella_panel_named_artist

Screenshot of Metadata Standards Crosswalk from Getty Research Institute

SOURCE: Getty Research Institute (2009). Metadata standards crosswalk. Available:

http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/crosswalks.html

What is METS

• METS = Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard• Provides a standardized XML format for transmission of complex

digital library objects between systems by representing their hierarchical structure, the names and locations of the files that comprise those objects, and the associated metadata in XML

• Current version 1.10, adding International Council of Museums’ LIDO (Lightweight Information Describing Objects) to MDTYPE enumeration

• In discussion of METS 2.0 data model compatible to Semantic Web and other technologies

• Maintained by METS Editorial Board, committed to maintaining editorial control over METS, its XML Schema, METS Profile XML Schema, and official METS documentation

• Hosted by Library of Congress, and developed as an initiative of the Digital Library Federation

Seven Major Sections of a METS Document

SOURCE: Bredenberg, K. (2011, June). METS. Communicating Archival Metadataconference and workshops in Stockholm 28 - 30 June 2011

<mets>

mets Header

descriptive metadata Section

administrative metadata Section

file Section

structural Map section

structural Link section

behavior Section

<mets> METS root element

• Establishes the container for the information being stored and /or transmitted by the standard

• Has optional attributes: ID, OBJID, Label, Type, Profile

<METS> Example from HathitrustGoogle Book Mets.xml

<METS:metsxmlns:METS="http://www.loc.gov/METS/"xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:gbs="http://books.google.com/gbs"xmlns:PREMIS="info:lc/xmlns/premis-v2"xmlns:marc="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/

http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/schema/MARC21slim.xsd info:lc/xmlns/premis-v2 http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/premis.xsd

OBJID="UOM_39015000024524"PROFILE="gbs">

SOURCE: HathiTrust Google METS Examplehttp://www.hathitrust.org/documents/example-source-google-mets.xml

• Captures metadata about the METS document itself• <agent>provides for various parties and their roles with respect to

the METS record to be documented• <name>record s full name of document agent• <note>records any additional information regarding the agent's

activities with respect to the METS document• ROLE (string/R) specifies the function of the agent with respect to

the METS document• TYPE(string/O) specifies the type of AGENT, e.g. individual or

organization• <altRecordID>uses alternative record identifier values for the digital

object represented by the METS document• <metsDocumentID>a unique identifier for the METS document

itself

<metsHdr> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml

<METS:metsHdr ID="UOM_39015000024524" CREATEDATE="2010-07-07T05:46:24" RECORDSTATUS="NEW">

<METS:agent ROLE="CREATOR" TYPE="ORGANIZATION">

<METS:name>Google</METS:name>

</METS:agent>

</METS:metsHdr>

• Records descriptive metadata pertaining to the METS object as a whole or one of its components

• A descriptive metadata element can either wrap the metadata (mdWrap) or reference it in an external location (mdRef) or both

• Descriptive metadata can be expressed according to many current description standards (i.e., MARC, MODS, Dublin Core, TEI Header, EAD, VRA, FGDC, DDI) or a locally produced XML schema

<dmdSec> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml (1)

<METS:dmdSec xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim" ID="DMDMARC">

<METS:mdWrap MIMETYPE="text/xml" MDTYPE="MARC" LABEL="Source MARC record">

<METS:xmlData><record>…</record>

</METS:xmlData></METS:mdWrap>

</METS:dmdSec>

<dmdSec> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml (2)

SOURCE: http://www.hathitrust.org/documents/example-source-google-mets.xml

• Contains the administrative metadata pertaining to the digital object, its components and any original source material from which the digital object is derived

• Separated into four sub-sections that accommodate technical metadata (techMD), intellectual property rights (rightsMD), analog/digital source metadata (sourceMD), and digital provenance metadata (digiprovMD)

• Each of these subsections can either wrap the metadata (mdWrap) or reference it in an external location (mdRef) or both

<amdSec> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml

<METS:amdSec><METS:techMD ID="TMD1">

<METS:mdWrap LABEL="production notes" MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="Google Production Notes"><METS:xmlData>

<gbs:productionNotes><gbs:badPages>3.05</gbs:badPages><gbs:missingPages>0.00</gbs:missingPages><gbs:tightBoundPages>0.46</gbs:tightBoundPages>

</gbs:productionNotes></METS:xmlData>

</METS:mdWrap></METS:techMD>

<techMD> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml

<METS:techMD ID="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">

<METS:mdWrap LABEL="page tags" MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="Google">

<METS:xmlData>

<gbs:pageTag>TABLE_OF_CONTENTS</gbs:pageTag>

</METS:xmlData>

</METS:mdWrap>

</METS:techMD>

<sourceMD> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml

<METS:sourceMD ID="S1">

<METS:mdWrap MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="Google" LABEL="DESCMDRecord_Source_Library"><METS:xmlData><gbs:sourceLibrary>UOM</gbs:sourceLibrary>

<gbs:sourceIdentifier>39015000024524</gbs:sourceIdentifier></METS:xmlData>

</METS:mdWrap></METS:sourceMD>

<digiprovMD> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml (1)

<METS:digiprovMD xmlns="info:lc/xmlns/premis-v2" ID="PREMIS1"><METS:mdWrap MDTYPE="PREMIS">

<METS:xmlData><PREMIS:premis version="2.0"><PREMIS:object xsi:type="representation">

<PREMIS:objectIdentifier><PREMIS:objectIdentifierType>barcode</PREMIS:objectIdentifierType><PREMIS:objectIdentifierValue>UOM_39015000024524</PREMIS:objectIdentifierValue>

</PREMIS:objectIdentifier><PREMIS:significantProperties>

<PREMIS:significantPropertiesType>file count</PREMIS:significantPropertiesType><PREMIS:significantPropertiesValue>526</PREMIS:significantPropertiesValue>

</PREMIS:significantProperties><PREMIS:significantProperties>

<PREMIS:significantPropertiesType>page count</PREMIS:significantPropertiesType><PREMIS:significantPropertiesValue>262</PREMIS:significantPropertiesValue>

</PREMIS:significantProperties></PREMIS:object>

<digiprovMD> Example from Hathitrust Google Book Mets.xml (2)

… <PREMIS:agent>

<PREMIS:agentIdentifier><PREMIS:agentIdentifierType>LCNAF</PREMIS:agentIdentifierType>

<PREMIS:agentIdentifierValue>Google (Firm)</PREMIS:agentIdentifierValue>

</PREMIS:agentIdentifier><PREMIS:agentType>organization</PREMIS:agentType>

</PREMIS:agent></PREMIS:premis>

</METS:xmlData></METS:mdWrap>

</METS:digiprovMD></METS:amdSec>

• Provides an inventory of and the location for the content files that comprise the digital object being described in the METS document

• <fileGrp> grouping the digital files compromising the content of a METS object either into a flat file arrangement or into a nested arrangement

<fileSec> Example from HathitrustGoogle Book Mets.xml

<METS:fileSec><METS:fileGrp ID="FG1" USE="image">

<METS:file ID="IMG00000001" MIMETYPE="image/jp2" SEQ="00000001" CREATED="2008-03-27T00:00:00" SIZE="251854"CHECKSUM="0da406ad7d1957a4d544648bf504f518" CHECKSUMTYPE="MD5" OWNERID="13510798888116402-5">

<METS:FLocat xlink:href="00000001.jp2" LOCTYPE="OTHER" OTHERLOCTYPE="SYSTEM"/></METS:file> …</METS:fileGrp>

</METS:fileSec>

• Provides a means for organizing the digital content represented by the <file> elements in the <fileSec> of the METS document into a coherent hierarchical structure

• Facilitates users’ understanding of structural relationship of the content files or parts of the content files

• Encoded as a tree of nested <div>, and child file pointer <fptr>

• Provides a means for linking content at any hierarchical level with relative descriptive and administrative metadata

<structMap> Example from HathitrustGoogle Book Mets.xml

<METS:structMap ID="SM1" TYPE="physical"><METS:div TYPE="volume" ADMID="TMD1 PD1 S1">

<METS:div TYPE="page" ORDER="1" ADMID="FRONT_COVER IMAGE_ON_PAGE IMPLICIT_PAGE_NUMBER">

<METS:fptr FILEID="IMG00000001"/><METS:fptr FILEID="TXT00000001"/>

</METS:div>…<METS:div TYPE="page" ORDER="262" ORDERLABEL="258" ADMID="BACK_COVER

IMAGE_ON_PAGE IMPLICIT_PAGE_NUMBER"><METS:fptr FILEID="IMG00000262"/><METS:fptr FILEID="TXT00000262"/>

</METS:div></METS:div>

</METS:structMap></METS:mets>

• Allows for the specification of hyperlinks between the different components of a METS structure that are delineated in a structural map

• <smLink> indicating two a hyperlink between two nodes in the structural map

• Provides a means to link digital content with applications or computer programming code that can be used in conjunction with other info in the METS doc to render or display the digital object or transform one or more of its component content files

• Associates executable behaviors with content in the METS document by means of a repeatable behavior <behavior> element

• <interfaceDef> represents an abstract definition of the set of behaviors represented by a particular behavior section

• <mechanism> points to a module of executable code that implements and runs the behavior defined by the interface definition

Screenshot of Sample HathitrustGoogle Book Mets.xml

SOURCE: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001225921

Importance of METS

• Provides the means to specify metadata necessary for both management of digital objects within a repository and the exchange of such objects between repositories (or between repositories and their users)

• Allows the sharing of efforts to develop information management tools/services and facilitates the interoperable exchange of digital materials among institutions (including vendors)

• Used in the role of Submission Info Package (SIP), Archival Info Package (AIP) or Dissemination Info Package (DIP) within Open Archival Info System (OAIS) Reference Model

SOURCE: METS Primer, available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets-schemadocs.html

What is MODS

• MODS = Metadata Object Description Schema• Is an XML schema for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of

purposes, and particularly for library applications• Includes a subset of MARC fields and uses language-based tags rather than numeric

ones• Regroups elements from MARC 21 bibliographic format• Current version MODS 3.5 Schema, released July 8, 2013• MARC 21 to MODS 3.5 mapping, revised October 2014• MODS XSLT 1.0 Stylesheets for 1) MARCXML to MODS 3.5; 2) MOD 3.5 to DC updated in

August 2014• Maintained by the MODS Editorial Committee with support from the Network

Development and MARC Standards Office of the LC• MODS RDF Ontology in draft stage

SOURCES: 1. MODS: Uses and Features. Available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/mods-overview.html2. MODS: Conversions. Available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/mods-conversions.html2. MODS RDF Ontology. Available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/modsrdf/

Changes for MODS 3.5

• Add attribute @unit to <physicalDescription><extent>

• Add rfc5646 as value for <language><languageTerm>

• Add @altFormat and @contentType attributes to <titleInfo>, <abstract>, <tableOfContents> and <accessCondition> (Approved 2012-09-17)

• Add @eventType to <originInfo> to indicate production, publication, distribution, manufacture

• Add @typeURI to <identifier>, <note>, and <physicalDescripton>/<note>

• Add @generator to <classification>

• Add <etal> element, a subelement of <name>

• Add @otherType to <titleInfo> element

SOURCE: Changes for MODS 3.5. Available: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/changes-3-5.html

MODS Elements

SOURCE: Outline of elements and attributes in MODS version 3.5. Available:http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/mods-outline-3-5.html

MODS TitleInfo Element, SubElements, and Attributes (1)

MODS Name Element, SubElements, and Attributes (2)

MODS RelatedItem Element, SubElements, Attributes (3)

Screenshot of “Library of Congress march” using MODS and METS (1)

SOURCE: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.100010802/mets.xml

SOURCE:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.100010802/mets.xml

Master & Service

SOURCE: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.100010802/default.html

Importance of MODS (1)

• Used as an SRU (Search/Retrieval via URL) specified format, e.g. MODS 3.3

• Used as an extension schema to METS

• Represents metadata for harvesting

• Provides resource description in XML syntax

• Represents a simplified MARC record in XML

• Bundles metadata in xml with an electronic resources

• Supports discovery and management of resources, and access to them, as well as exchange and management of encoded descriptions

Importance of MODS (2)

Rich Compatible User-oriented Simple

What is RDF• RDF = Resource Description Framework• A standard model for data interchange on the Web through RDF statement in

subject-predicate-object triples, including international resource identifiers (IRIs), or literals, blank nodes, multiple graphs

• Provides linking through IRIs by setting RDF links between datasets to enable the discovery of additional data and to support the integration of data from multiple sources

• Provides semantic info about resources through RDF vocabularies often defined by RDF schema, e.g. FOAF, Dublin Core, Schema.org, SKOS

• Serialized in various formats, e.g. Turtle, JSON-LD, RDFa, RDF/XML • Allows systems to make logical inferences by defining a model-theory semantics

for RDF graphs, the RDF, and RDFS vocabularies, e.g. {ex:allen foaf:knows ex:mary.}(foaf:knows rdfs:domain foaf:person .} ->{ex:allen rdf:type foaf:person .}

• Allows datasets to be published and interlinked on the Web using RDF, e.g. linked data, queried and manipulated through SPARQL

• Current version RDF 1.1, published in 2014• Acceptance by libraries, museums and cultural heritage communities for open

linked data initiatives

Importance of RDF• Adds machine-readable information to web pages using, e.g.

schema.org vocabulary, enabling them to be displayed in an enhanced format on search engines or to be processed automatically by third-party applications

• Enriches a dataset by linking it to third-party datasets• Interlinks API feeds, making sure that clients can easily discover

how to access more information• Uses the datasets currently published as linked data, and builds

aggregations of data around specific topics• Builds distributed social networks by interlinking RDF descriptions

of people across multiple web sites• Provides a standards-compliant way for exchanging data between

databases• Interlinks various datasets within an organization, enabling cross-

dataset queries to be performed using SPARQLSOURCE: 1. W3C RDF 1.1 Primer, W3C Working Group note 24 June 2014. Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/ 2. Schmachtenberg, M., Bizer, C., & Paulheim, H. (2014). Adoption of the Linked Data best practices in different topic domains. 13th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2014) –RDB

Track. Available: http://linkeddatacatalog.dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/state/#toc8

Sample RDF 1.1 XML Syntax (1)

Sample RDF 1.1 XML Syntax (2)

Screenshot of LC Linked Data Service (1)

SOURCE: http://id.loc.gov/

SOURCE: LCNAF. Available: http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79041626.html

SOURCE: LC Bib Resources. Available: http://id.loc.gov/resources/bibs/634533

Screenshot of BIBFRAME.org (1)

SOURCE: LC BIBFRAME. Available: http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/

Screenshot of BIBFRAME.org (2)

SOURCE: Available: http://bibframe.org/tools/compare/bibid/634533

Screenshot of WorldCat Linked Data Explorer (1)

SOURCE: Gandi, an autobiography story of my experiments with truth.Available: http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1151002411

Screenshot of WorldCat Linked Data Explorer (2)

SOURCE: Gandi, an autobiography story of my experiments with truth.Available: http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1151002411

Screenshot of VIAF (1)

SOURCE: VIAF. Available: http://viaf.org/viaf/14817771/

SOURCE: http://viaf.org/viaf/71391324/rdf.xml

Screenshot of FAST Linked Data

SOURCE: Available: http://experimental.worldcat.org/fast/1354198/

Acceptance by Libraries, Museums and Cultural Heritage Communities for Open Linked Data Initiatives

SOURCE: Crawlable linked datasets as of April 2014. Available: http://linkeddatacatalog.dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/state/LODCloudDiagram.html

Why Metadata Matters

• Markup different types of digital resources by applying content description rules and administration best practices, controlled vocabularies, metadata standards, e.g. Qualified Dublin Core, VRA Core 4.0, CCO, METS, MODS, RDF, etc.

• Supports intended users, including end users who search and discover the resources, and stakeholders who develop and manage the resources

• Supports intended uses, e.g. searching, browsing, navigating, discovering, consuming, publishing, accessing, citing, linking, repurposing, interchanging, sharing, archiving, preserving, managing, right management, securing, reporting and analysis, accessibility, etc.

• Indicates how resources get used, e.g. usage analysis by metadata fields• Enables systems capabilities, e.g. out of box metadata generation and

capture• Enables integration, analysis, and enhancement of digital resources

despite of systems, disciplines, data types, formats, file sizes, granularity, etc.

SOURCE: Xu, A. (2014, Feb.) Role of Cataloger in the 21st Century Academic Library. Available: http://www.slideshare.net/elephantsmith/interview-presentation-roleofcataloger21stcenturyacademiclibrary

Alphabet soup: CDM, VRA, CCO, METS, MODS, RDF - Why Metadata Matters

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