Post on 28-Dec-2015
All living organisms reproduceAll living organisms grow and developAll living organisms have cellular
organization
Characteristics of life
All living organisms reproduceAll living organisms grow and developAll living organisms have cellular
organization
Characteristics of life
Through dividing process!Bacteria cell division (Binary Fission)Somatic cell division (Mitosis)Gametic cell division (Meiosis)
Where do cells come from?
omnis cellula e cellula
The larger the cell:The more demands on DNA (gene expression)The more difficult homeostasis becomes
(photo/resp)
Why do cells divide?
Prokaryotic CellsDNA is replicatedProteins control when the cell membrane
dividesDaughter cells are identical to parent cells
Process: Binary Fission
Eukaryotic CellsDNA is replicated, packaged, & organized!Proteins control when the cell membrane
dividesDaughter cells are identical to parent cells
Process: Somatic cell division (Mitosis)
Eukaryotic CellsDNA is replicated, packaged, swapped, &
organized!Proteins control when the cell membrane
divides twice!Daughter cells are not identical to parent cells
Process: Gametic cell division (Meiosis)
Eukaryotic CellsDNA is replicated, packaged, & organized!Proteins control when the cell membrane
dividesDaughter cells are identical to parent cells
Process: Somatic cell division (Mitosis)
Cellular processes occur normally DNA is packaged around histones into
chromosome
Cell Cycle: G1 phase
DNA is organized Proteins control when the cell membrane
dividesProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase,
CytokinesisDaughter cells are identical to parent cells
M phase
Division of one cell reproduces the entire organismAsexual Reproduction (mitosis)
Unicellular Eukaryotes
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.html
Cell Division Animations
Zygote cells are not specialized (stem cells)Baby/Adult cells are specialized (somatic
cells)
Specialization in Cells
Process in which cells become specializedGene expression controls the destiny of each
cell
Cell Differentiation
Build specialized cells/tissues for treatmenthttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9hEFUpTVPA
Uses of Stem Cells
Concentration of Cyclins (protein) build in a cell
Threshold of Cyclins are reached, cell dividesCDK break down Cyclin & levels fall after
mitosis
Regulating cell division
If a cell fails a checkpoints G0 phase
Resting/non-dividing phaseCell undergoes apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Normal unhealthy cells
Abnormal unhealthy cellsIgnore checkpointsAvoid apoptosisExperience a short interphaseForm tumors
TumorsBenign:
Cells are normal but overgrownMalignant:
Cells are abnormal & break awayCells invade other tissues
What causes cancer cells to form?Environment:
UV radiation (sun), natural chemicals (benzene)Diet (obesity), Drugs (cigarettes & alcohol)
Genetics?HBOC Syndrome
Infection?Viruses (Human Papilloma, Epstein Barr)
Researching Causes of Cancer
Inside the GenomeOncogenes:
sections of DNA that code for uncontrolled growth
Tumor Suppressor Genes:sections of DNA that code for cancer inhibition
Determine how to stop tumors.Chemotherapy & Radiation
Determine how cells avoid checkpoints.Cyclin & CDK, and other molecules
Determine how genes are turned on/off.
Surviving Cancer
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle.html
Regulating Cell Cycle