All about All about Plants!Plants!

The importance of plants…..The importance of plants…..

Primary source of foodPrimary source of food Major producers of Major producers of

oxygenoxygen Keep us coolKeep us cool Renew the airRenew the air Slow down the windSlow down the wind

Hold soil in placeHold soil in place Provide a home for Provide a home for

wildlifewildlife Beautify our Beautify our

surroundingssurroundings Perfume the airPerfume the air Furnish building Furnish building

materials and fuelmaterials and fuel

Objective AObjective A

Students will be able to Students will be able to identify parts of the plants identify parts of the plants and discuss their functions;and discuss their functions;

Major Plant PartsMajor Plant Parts Vegetative Parts:Vegetative Parts:

RootsRoots StemsStems LeavesLeaves

Reproductive Parts:Reproductive Parts: FlowersFlowers

Roots FunctionsRoots Functions

Absorb water and Absorb water and nutrientsnutrients

Anchor plant and Anchor plant and support the support the aboveground part of aboveground part of plantplant

Store food to be used Store food to be used laterlater

Need to grow Need to grow constantly for plant constantly for plant to stay healthyto stay healthy

First structure to First structure to form from seedform from seed

Plant health is closely Plant health is closely tied to root healthtied to root health

Root StructureRoot Structure

Primary Root-Primary Root- first first root to grow from the root to grow from the seed.seed.

Secondary RootsSecondary Roots – – grow from primary rootgrow from primary root

Both have Both have Root HairsRoot Hairs – – they help anchor the they help anchor the plant, absorb water & plant, absorb water & nutrientsnutrients

Root StructureRoot Structure

Apical MeristemApical Meristem Root CapRoot Cap: Covers and : Covers and

protects apical meristem as it protects apical meristem as it pushes through soil particlespushes through soil particles

EpidermisEpidermis: Where water : Where water and minerals enter rootand minerals enter root

Root HairsRoot Hairs: Projections that : Projections that increase root surface area increase root surface area allowing greater moisture and allowing greater moisture and nutrient uptakenutrient uptake

Root SystemsRoot Systems Fibrous Root :Fibrous Root :A A

system that has no system that has no dominant primary dominant primary rootroot

Taproot:Taproot: A system A system composed of one composed of one primary root and primary root and many secondary many secondary roots that branch roots that branch offoff

Root NodulesRoot Nodules

Swellings (bumps) on the rootsSwellings (bumps) on the roots Rhizobium bacteria live in these bumps Rhizobium bacteria live in these bumps

they take nitrogen from the air and combine it they take nitrogen from the air and combine it with oxygen to make it useable to the plant with oxygen to make it useable to the plant

puts nitrogen in the soil so that crops that grow puts nitrogen in the soil so that crops that grow there later may use the nitrogenthere later may use the nitrogen

LegumesLegumes

Legumes are the group of plants that can do Legumes are the group of plants that can do thisthis

Soybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peasSoybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peas

Root HealthRoot Health

Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly white, and smell fresh.white, and smell fresh.

Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or dark orange and smell rotten and sour.dark orange and smell rotten and sour.

Root HealthRoot Health

Watering properly drastically affects the Watering properly drastically affects the plant’s healthplant’s health Drainage holes in the potDrainage holes in the pot Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom

encourages plant growth throughout the entire potencourages plant growth throughout the entire pot Allow soil to dry slightly between wateringsAllow soil to dry slightly between waterings

StemsStems

All stems look very similar, but upon All stems look very similar, but upon closer observation there are many closer observation there are many differences!differences!

Functions of StemsFunctions of Stems

Support leaves, and position them so they Support leaves, and position them so they can receive as much sunlight as possiblecan receive as much sunlight as possible

Responsible for size and shape of plantResponsible for size and shape of plant Move water, minerals, and manufactured Move water, minerals, and manufactured

food throughout whole plantfood throughout whole plant Green stems produce food through Green stems produce food through

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

StemsStems External Structures:External Structures:

Terminal BudTerminal Bud: Bud located at end : Bud located at end of stemof stem

Apical MeristemApical Meristem: Contained inside : Contained inside terminal bud; responsible for stem terminal bud; responsible for stem growth.growth.

NodeNode: Place where leaves are : Place where leaves are attached to stemattached to stem

InternodeInternode: Area between nodes: Area between nodes

StemsStems External Structures:External Structures:

Lateral BudsLateral Buds: Buds located on : Buds located on side branchesside branches

Bud ScalesBud Scales: Protective : Protective structures located on outside of structures located on outside of terminal and lateral budsterminal and lateral buds

LenticelsLenticels: Small spots on stem : Small spots on stem that allow a stem to exchange that allow a stem to exchange gases with its environmentgases with its environment

StemsStems Internal Structures:Internal Structures:

3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials Xylem, Phloem, and CambiumXylem, Phloem, and Cambium

Arranged byArranged by Small bundles scattered throughout stemSmall bundles scattered throughout stem

OROR Rings or a ring of bundlesRings or a ring of bundles

StemsStems

Internal Structures:Internal Structures:

XylemXylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients : Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients from roots to leaves; located near center of stemfrom roots to leaves; located near center of stem

Xylem Up!!Xylem Up!!

PhloemPhloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf : Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf to rest of plant; usually located near outside of stemto rest of plant; usually located near outside of stem

Phloem Down!!Phloem Down!!

StemsStems

Internal Structures:Internal Structures:

CambiumCambium: Tissue responsible for the production of : Tissue responsible for the production of new xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem new xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem.and phloem.

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems BulbsBulbs: Short flattened : Short flattened

stem which has several stem which has several fleshy leaves. Bulbs fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the are found beneath the soil. soil.

Example: OnionsExample: Onions

CormCorm: Spherical structure : Spherical structure similar to a bulbsimilar to a bulb

Example: GladiolusExample: Gladiolus

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems RhizomeRhizome: Thick : Thick

underground stem which underground stem which lies horizontally. lies horizontally.

Example: Mother in Example: Mother in Law’s TongueLaw’s Tongue

StolonStolon: Horizontal stem : Horizontal stem which lies above the which lies above the ground (often called ground (often called runners). runners).

Example: Strawberry Example: Strawberry runnersrunners

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems TuberTuber: Rhizome with a tip swollen with stored : Rhizome with a tip swollen with stored

foodfood Example: PotatoesExample: Potatoes

LeavesLeaves

FunctionsFunctionsProduce food for the plantsProduce food for the plantsEfficiently collect light and use that Efficiently collect light and use that

light to make energylight to make energy

Activity #2Activity #2 Supplies Needed:Supplies Needed:

1 leaf1 leaf 1 piece of paper1 piece of paper 1 crayon1 crayon

InstructionsInstructions Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in

the the middlemiddle of the page. of the page.

Label Your PictureLabel Your Picture

Leaf Parts Leaf Parts Leaf BladeLeaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose : Large, broad, flat surface whose

job is to collect sunlightjob is to collect sunlight PetiolePetiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from : supports the leaf and holds it away from

the stem.the stem. MidribMidrib: Main vein running down the center of : Main vein running down the center of

the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.sun.

Vein PatternsVein Patterns

ParallelParallel: Veins never cross; found in monocots: Veins never cross; found in monocots

NettedNetted: Veins form a network; found in dicots: Veins form a network; found in dicots

Leaf TypesLeaf TypesSimple LeafSimple Leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.: Has only one leaf on the petiole.Compound LeafCompound Leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.: A leaf with multiple blades.

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers CuticleCuticle: Top : Top

waxy, non-waxy, non-cellular part of cellular part of leaf; prevents leaf; prevents water escapingwater escaping

EpidermisEpidermis: : Skin like layer of Skin like layer of cells found on cells found on top and bottom; top and bottom; protects leafprotects leaf

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers Palisade MesophyllPalisade Mesophyll: :

Layer of cells standing Layer of cells standing on end directly below on end directly below upper epidermis; upper epidermis; responsible for responsible for photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Spongy MesophyllSpongy Mesophyll: : Loosely packed cells Loosely packed cells located beneath located beneath palisade mesophyll; palisade mesophyll; responsible for responsible for holding products of holding products of photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers

StomataStomata: : Holes in lower Holes in lower epidermis epidermis responsible for responsible for gas exchange.gas exchange.

Guard CellsGuard Cells: : Surround Surround stomata's stomata's which open which open and close and close them.them.

Objective BObjective B

Determine the importance Determine the importance of photosynthesis, of photosynthesis,

respiration, and respiration, and transpiration.transpiration.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the sun into a plant turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.chemical energy in the form of sugar.

Water + Carbon dioxide Sugar and OxygenWater + Carbon dioxide Sugar and Oxygen

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Palisade layer -- full of cells containing Palisade layer -- full of cells containing ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Chloroplasts -- where light dependent Chloroplasts -- where light dependent reaction takes placereaction takes place

Plants don’t photosynthesize. Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants just Chloroplasts do! Plants just happen to be lucky enough to happen to be lucky enough to have chloroplasts in their have chloroplasts in their cells.cells.

RespirationRespiration

Cellular Respiration: The opposite of Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars down so plants can use them.down so plants can use them.

Similar to digestion in animals.Similar to digestion in animals.

Takes place in a place in the cell called the Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria.mitochondria.

RespirationRespiration

How are photosynthesis and How are photosynthesis and respiration important to us as human respiration important to us as human beings?beings?

TranspirationTranspiration

Loss of water from a plantLoss of water from a plant Lost mostly by the leavesLost mostly by the leaves Water goes out of leaves through Water goes out of leaves through

stomatastomata Too much water loss damages plantsToo much water loss damages plants Every plant is differentEvery plant is different

Objective CObjective C

Determine the difference Determine the difference between monocots and dicotsbetween monocots and dicots

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

Non FloweringNon Flowering FernsFerns Cone-Producers Cone-Producers

(Conifers)(Conifers)

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

FloweringFlowering MonocotsMonocots DicotsDicots

MonocotsMonocots

Leaves have parallel VeinsLeaves have parallel Veins Fibrous RootsFibrous Roots Flower parts in 3’sFlower parts in 3’s Seed has one part (cotyledon)Seed has one part (cotyledon) Vascular bundles are scatteredVascular bundles are scattered

DicotsDicots

Leaves have branched VeinsLeaves have branched Veins Tap RootsTap Roots Flower parts in 4’s & 5’sFlower parts in 4’s & 5’s Seed has two parts (cotyledons)Seed has two parts (cotyledons) Vascular bundles are in a ringVascular bundles are in a ring

Objective DObjective D

Identify flower anatomy Identify flower anatomy and functionsand functions

Flower Anatomy - MaleFlower Anatomy - Male StamenStamen: Male : Male

part of flowerpart of flower FilamentFilament: Stalk-: Stalk-

like object in the like object in the stamen that holds stamen that holds up antherup anther

AntherAnther: Sack-: Sack-like structure that like structure that contains pollen.contains pollen.

Flower Anatomy – Flower Anatomy – FemaleFemale PistilPistil: Female : Female

part of flowerpart of flower StigmaStigma: Sticky : Sticky

part of pistil part of pistil receptive to receptive to pollen.pollen.

StyleStyle: Rod-: Rod-shaped middle shaped middle part that has a part that has a swollen base swollen base (ovary) (ovary) containing eggscontaining eggs

Flower Anatomy – Flower Anatomy – Female cont.Female cont.

OvaryOvary: Female : Female reproductive organ reproductive organ

Ovule:Ovule: Reproductive cell Reproductive cell which becomes the which becomes the seed when fertilized seed when fertilized by pollen.by pollen.

Flower Anatomy – neither male Flower Anatomy – neither male or femaleor female

PetalsPetals: Colorful : Colorful leaf-like structures leaf-like structures that attract that attract animals and animals and insectsinsects

CalyxCalyx: When : When all sepals are all sepals are fused togetherfused together

SepalsSepals: Green : Green leaves that leaves that protect flower protect flower before it opensbefore it opens

Peduncle:Peduncle: Stem Stem

Flower Anatomy – neither male Flower Anatomy – neither male or femaleor female

Sexual Reproduction in Sexual Reproduction in Plants:Plants:

Two parents (meiosis)Two parents (meiosis)1.1. The stamen releases pollen.The stamen releases pollen.

2.2. Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination occurs)when pollination occurs)

3.3. Pollen moves from stigma down pollen tube in Pollen moves from stigma down pollen tube in the style depositing sperm in ovarythe style depositing sperm in ovary

4.4. When sperm has been deposited in ovary, fertilization When sperm has been deposited in ovary, fertilization has occurred.has occurred.

5.5. When eggs have been fertilized, ovary and surrounding When eggs have been fertilized, ovary and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become fruit and fertilized tissue start to enlarge to become fruit and fertilized eggs become seeds.eggs become seeds.

Sexual Reproduction in Sexual Reproduction in Plants:Plants:

FlowersFlowers Flower Types:Flower Types:

Perfect FlowerPerfect Flower: Has both male and female : Has both male and female partsparts

Imperfect FlowerImperfect Flower: Flower that is missing : Flower that is missing either male or female partseither male or female parts

Complete FlowerComplete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, : Flowers that have sepals, petals, pistils, and stamenspetals, pistils, and stamens

FlowersFlowers Flower Types:Flower Types:

Incomplete FlowersIncomplete Flowers: When flower is missing sepals, : When flower is missing sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.petals, pistils, or stamen.

Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.

Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfectIncomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect

Objective EObjective E

Explain plant life cycleExplain plant life cycle

Plant Life CyclePlant Life Cycle

AnnualAnnual BiennialBiennial Perennial Perennial

AnnualsAnnuals Completes a life cycle in 1 Completes a life cycle in 1

yearyear Grow, mature, bloom, Grow, mature, bloom,

produce seeds & dieproduce seeds & die Summer Annuals – Summer Annuals –

complete cycle during complete cycle during spring & summerspring & summer

Winter Annuals – Winter Annuals – complete cycle during fall complete cycle during fall & winter& winter

Annual Example: Annual Example: ZinniaZinnia

BiennialBiennial

2 years to complete its 2 years to complete its life cyclelife cycle

11stst year – vegetative year – vegetative structure & food storagestructure & food storage

Over winter it goes Over winter it goes dormantdormant

22ndnd year produces year produces flowers, fruit & seedflowers, fruit & seed

Biennial Example:Biennial Example:CarrotsCarrots

PerennialPerennial Live 2 or more yearsLive 2 or more years Herbaceous perennialsHerbaceous perennials

soft, non-woody stemssoft, non-woody stems die back to the ground die back to the ground

each wintereach winter New stems grow from New stems grow from

the plant's crown each the plant's crown each spring. spring.

Woody PerennialsWoody Perennials Trees & shrubsTrees & shrubs Withstand cold winter Withstand cold winter

temperaturestemperatures

Perennial Perennial Example:Example:

Trees & ShrubsTrees & Shrubs