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VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Air Pollution Sources and Impacts
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Content Historical Background
Sulphur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Particulate matter
Ozone depleting substances
MARPOL Annex VI: An overview
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Activities Pollutants Immediate effects Impacts
Residences
Power Production
Transport
Agriculture
Industry
PM concentration
Acidic deposits
Εutrophication
Ozone concentration
Materials deterioration
Human health
Agricultural
cultivation
Environment
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Historical Background
Prior to the industrial revolution
After the industrial revolution (Engraving showing a foundry in Saar, Germany, 1876)
«Αs I was moving far away from the asphyxiating air of Rome and the soot of stacks dispersing poisonous gases
around, I felt my mood changing»
Senekas, 61 A.C.
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Historical Background
Las Vegas, USA
Athens, Greece
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
• Properties: Gas, colorless and odorless in low concentrations, but with irritating odor in high concentrations
• Sources: Power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, paper industry, ships’ main and auxiliary engines
• Sulphur content in crude oil and fuel oils
a) Safety (installation and piping corrosion, poison potential) b) Operation (fluidized beds of catalysts may be contaminated from the presence of sulphur compounds) c) Environment (SOx emissions)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Impacts to human health
• Short term exposure in high concentrations, might cause bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms.
• Long term exposure might cause serious respiratory problems and deteriorate existing cardiovascular illnesses
London, 1952
4.000 people were fatally exposed to high SOx and smoke concentrations in
London (1952)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Environmental impacts
Acid rain
• In the 70s, more than 18,000 lakes in Sweden were found with acidity exceeding the natural limits, and in half of them fish populations had dramatically reduced • The same phenomenon occurred in about 3.000 lakes in US
• The transformation of the waters of a lake to acidic does not take place instantaneously but rather in a period of many years or decades.
A forest in Jizera, Czech Republic
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Acid rain formation mechanism
• H2SO4 and HNO3 are formed as a result of the reaction between the water and sulphur as well as nitrogen oxides with the sun radiation and oxygen as catalysts
• Normal rain is slightly acidic (pH 5,5) due to CO2 dissolution and H2CO3 formation
• Most lakes have a pH ranging from 6 to 8. Values as low as 4.3 have been reported in several lakes facing acid rain problems
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Impacts of acid rain
• Destruction of sensitive soils, trees and vegetation of forests in high altitudes
• Deterioration of materials and paints. Irreversible failures to buildings and monuments that constitute elements of cultural heritage
• Impacts to water dependent ecosystems
Forest areas (%) in Europe receiving acid rain
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
NOx formation in ship’s engines
• Very complex mechanism of formation, hundreds of chemical reactions occur
• Main source of nitrogen is air combustion
• Higher temperatures in cylinders lead to increase NOx emissions
• 95% is ΝΟ and about 5% NO2
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
• Impacts to human health
They react with hemoglobin producing inert compounds including methemoglobin hampering the oxygenation of tissues causing tachycardia, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia
> 15 μg/m3, irritation of the eyes
> 25 μg/m3 dyspnea, asthma crisis
> 150 – 200 μg/m3 pulmonary edema
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Secondary ozone formation
ΝΟx + VOCs + sun radiation Ο3 + Photochemical pollution
Photochemical smog occurs in sunny periods with high temperatures, low moisture and relatively high levels of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Human hair (70 μm diameter)
PM 10 PM 2.5(10 μm) (2,5 μm)
Particulate matter (PM)
Particles produced during combustion or as secondary products in the atmosphere, that might shift for very long periods far from their point of source.
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
• Their chemical composition depends on fuel quality. They invariably consist of soot, hydrocarbons, ash, metals (vanadium, nickel, zinc), sulphur and nitrate compounds
• The smaller the size of the particles, the deeper penetrate into the human respiratory system.
Particulate matter (PM)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
• Ash significantly reduced for low sulphur fuel oils (< 1% m/m).
• Soot and sulfates are directly depended on the sulfur content.
Particulate matter (PM)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
• Lifetime of gases in atmosphere from several years (HCFCs) until a century (Freon 12).
• The ozone layer is going to be back to the level it was before 1980 until 2050.
• If ozone was compressed in normal conditions of temperature and pressure, it would have been less than 5 mm thick.
• In September 2007, the extent of ozone hole was 24 million km2 (almost as North America), 18% smaller in relation to 2006.
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Exhaust gases (> 99,7%)75,8% Ν2
13,0% Ο2
5,2% CO2
5,3% H2O
Air pollutants(< 0,3%)
ΝΟx 0,17% (1500 ppm)SOx 0,15% (800 ppm)
HC 0,02% (180 ppm)CO 0,07% (80 ppm)
Fuel Oil180 gr/KWh
(3,6% S)
Lube Oil 1 gr/KWh 97.5% HC
2% Ca 0,5% S
Air8.5 kgr/KWh
79% Ν2 21% Ο2
Ships’ engines emissions
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
ΜΑRPOL 73/78
Annex Ι
Oil
Annex ΙΙ
Noxious Bulk Liquid Substances
Annex III
Packaged Harmful
Substances
Annex IV
Sewage
Annex V
Garbage
Annex VI
Air Emissions
IBC Code IMDGCode
NOxTechnical Code
An overview to MARPOL, Annex VI
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Prevention Measures
Μaximum sulphur content (% m/m)
• 4,5% before 1 January 2012
• 3,5% after 1 January 2012
• 0,5% after 1 January 2020
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Prevention Measures
Maximum sulfur content in (S) ECA (North Sea, Baltic Sea, North American)
- 1.0% until 31 December 2014
- 0.1% after 1 January 2015
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Prevention Measures
Bunker Delivery Note (ΒDN)
• Retention for at least 3 years
• Must contain information:
Name - Ship ΙΜΟ number Bunkering port Date of bunkering Supplier’s contacts Name of product Quantity (in metric tones) Density at 15° C Sulphur content (% per weight) Supplier’s statement about the sulfur content in fuel, that do not contain inorganic acids and other substances which might put at risk the safety of the ship.
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Prevention Measures – Treatment systems
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
Tier 3
Engines fitted in ships constructed after 1 January 2016 and operate within an Emission Control Area (N) (ΕCA).
Emissions must not exceed the following values:
• 3,44 g/kWh with n < 130 rpm
• 9,0 x n -0,2 g/kWh 130 ≤ n < 2000 rpm
• 2,0 g/kWh n ≥ 2000 rpm
If the ship operates outside ECA then the requirements emissions of Tier II are applicable.
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
NOx emissions by engines of ships constructed from 1/1/1990 –1/1/2020
Every engine above 5.000 kW, and of displacement per cylinder equal to or greater than 90 liters, must comply to Tier I, under the condition that an Approved Method for this engine has been certified by the Administration of a member state.
1. Its implementation must not cause power reduction above 1.0%, and increase of specific fuel consumption above 2.0%.
2.No effect to the reliability or life cycle of the engine and the implementation cost should not be excessive.
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
NOx Technical Code
Every engine must:– be pre-certified (manufacturer – Class)– Technical File – Installation as approved – Initial Inspection – Annual inspections
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Emissions reduction methods
Fuels treatment
Fuel Quality
Engine Technologies
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Firefighting systems
Ηalon 1211
Halon 1301
Halon 2402
Air conditioning – Cooling systems
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC – 113
CFC – 114, CFC- 115
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Prevention measures
• Refrigerants Management Plan
• Record Book
• Periodical control of leaks
• Use of ODS of low warming potential (greenhouse gases)
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Thank you for your attention!
Questions