04/12/2023

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COGENERATION POWER PLANTS

Team pHly Ash

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Table of Contents

I. IntroductionI. Basic ComponentsII. How does it work?

II. TechnologiesIII. Health and

Environmental Impacts

IV. EmissionsV. Control DevicesVI. RegulationsVII. Conclusions

3 Introduction

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Introduction

Cogeneration Generation of multiple forms of useful energy in a

single integrated system

Power to Heat Ratio

Advantages High fuel efficiency Low emissions Versatile uses and fuel sources Exhaust captured for various processes

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Basic Components

Combustion Chamber

Prime Mover Turbine that transforms thermal or pressure energy to

mechanical

Generator Converts mechanical energy to electrical

Heat Recovery Captures exhaust for steam generation, process drying

or building cooling

Electrical Interconnection

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How does it work?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXLUoqzlT2k&feature=related

Green Peace UK

7 Technologies

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Gas Turbine

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Gas Turbine

Advantages High reliability Low emissions No cooling

Disadvantages Requires high pressure gas Poor efficiency

Capacity 0.5 – 250 MW

NOx Emissions 0.036 – 0.05 lb/MMBtu

Cost Installed: $1,300/kW O&M: $0.01/kW

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Steam Turbine

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Steam Turbine

Advantages High efficiency, fuel

compatibility Very Reliable Compatible with many fuels

Disadvantages Long start up time Low power to heat ratio

Capacity 0.05 – 250 MW

NOx Emissions Gas: 0.1 – 0.2 lb/MMBtu Wood: 0.2 – 0.0.5 lb/MMBtu Coal: 0.3 – 1.2 lb/MMBtu

Cost Installed: $1,100/kW Cost: $0.005/kW

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Fuel Cell

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Fuel Cell

Advantages Low emissions Low noise High efficiency

Disadvantages High cost Low durability Hydrogen fuel processing

Capacity < 2 MW

NOx Emissions 0.0025 – 0.004 lb/MMBtu

Cost Installed: $6,500/kW Cost: $0.04/kW

14 Health & Environmental Impacts

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Conventional vs. CogenerationConventional Largest contributor to

CO2 emissions

High NOx emissions Secondary concerns

CO, SO2, PM, NH4, THCs

Cogeneration

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Effects of CO2

Large contributor to global warming More severe weather systems Increased air pollution Saltwater intrusion Damages ecosystems Increases spread of disease

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Effects of NOx

Smog and reduced visibility Increases nutrient loading Forms toxic chemicals Respiratory problems Acid rain

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Other pollutants

PM Respiratory problems Reduced visibilityCO …SO2 Acid rain

19 Emissions

Emissions

CO2

Water Vapor (steam) NOx

SOx

CO PM

Emission Concentrations

Gas Turbines Pollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)

NOx

No control 175 315 Water Injection 42 60 Steam Injection 25 42 Dry Low NOx Combustors 10 - 25 10 - 25 Selective Catalytic Reduction 5 - 10 5 - 10

SOx No control insignificant no dataCO No control no data no data

Lean Burn Reciprocating Engines Pollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)

NOx No control 350 no dataSOx No control no data no dataCO No control 1100 no data

Rich Burn Reciprocating EnginesPollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)

NOx Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction 700 SOx Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction no data CO Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction 1100

Primary Pollutants

Gas turbine Thermal NOx, CO, and VOC’s

Microturbines Thermal NOx, CO, and unburned

hydrocarbons Reciprocating engines

Thermal NOx, CO, and VOC’s

Steam turbines Thermal NOx, SOx, CO, and PM

http://inhabitat.com/does-pollution-actually-fight-global-warming/

Progress Energy Emissions

Time Fuel Volume Flow(MCF/hr)

Steam to Fuel Ratio

Gross Megawatts

NOx (lb/hr)

1:00 432.54 1.8 46.9 37.37

2:00 433.96 1.8 47.07 37.75

3:00 433.85 1.79 47.07 38.18

4:00 434.54 1.8 47.16 38.18

5:00 434.97 1.8 47.18 38.18

6:00 434.7 1.79 47.16 38.18

7:00 434.2 1.79 47.1 38.18

…

Daily Average

432.03 1.81 47.03 37.74

Gas Turbine using natural gas for fuel source

* At the time of visit CO2 readings were 324.5 ppm

24 Control Devices

Control Technology

Control peak flame temperatures

Feature lean premixed burners

a) With no post-combustion emissions control

b) With selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Feature lean premixed burners With no post-

combustion emissions control

Gas turbines Microturbines

Control Technology

Control of peak flame temperature

Non selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Flue gas desulphurization (FGD)

Flue gas recirculation (FGR)

Reciprocating engines Steam Turbines

Control technologies and emitted pollutants depend on the fuel selected for combustion.

27 Regulations

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Progress Energy Cogeneration Pollutants of concern

NOx CO2

Emission standards NOx:

25 ppm, 39.6 lb/hr Plant has two hours to get within these

standards

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State Regulations (FDEP)

62-296.405 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators with More Than 250 Million Btu Per Hour Heat Input. Visible emissions – 20 percent opacity except for either one six-minute period opacity

shall not exceed 27 percent, or one two-minute period per hour during which opacity shall not exceed 40 percent.

Particulate Matter – 0.1 pound per million Btu heat input, as measured by applicable compliance methods.

Sulfur Dioxide, as measured by applicable compliance methods. Emissions units burning liquid fuel.

2.5 pounds per million Btu heat input. Emissions units burning solid fuel.

6.17 pounds per million Btu heat input. Nitrogen Oxides (expressed as NO2) – as measured by applicable compliance methods.

62-296.406 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators with Less Than 250 Million Btu Per Hour Heat Input Visible Emissions – Same as 62-296.405 Particulate Matter – Best available control technology. Sulfur Dioxide – Best available control technology.

62-296.702 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators. Particulate Matter - 0.10 pounds per million BTU Visible emissions the density of which is greater than 20 percent opacity

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS)

  Primary Standards Secondary Standards

Pollutant Level Averaging Time LevelAveraging

Time

Carbon Monoxide

9 ppm  8-hour None

35 ppm  1-hour 

Lead0.15 µg/m3 

Rolling 3-Month Average

Same as Primary

1.5 µg/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary

Nitrogen Dioxide

53 ppb Annual  Same as Primary

100 ppb 1-hour NonePM10 150 µg/m3 24-hour  Same as Primary

PM2.5

15.0 µg/m3 Annual  Same as Primary

35 µg/m3 24-hour  Same as Primary

Ozone

0.075 ppm (2008 std)

8-hour  Same as Primary

0.08 ppm (1997 std)

8-hour  Same as Primary

0.12 ppm 1-hour  Same as Primary

Sulfur Dioxide

0.03 ppm Annual 0.5 ppm 3-hour 

0.14 ppm 24-hour 75 ppb 1-hour None

31 Conclusions

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Conclusions

Cogeneration has many benefits over traditional processes

The type of fuel and system used varies greatly and depends on Location Capital Regulations

Cogeneration is becoming more popular

33 Thank You