Post on 28-Dec-2015
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Chapter 15Chapter 15
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Structure and composition of the atmosphereStructure and composition of the atmosphere
Types and origins of major outdoor air pollutantsTypes and origins of major outdoor air pollutants
Two types of smogTwo types of smog
Acid deposition and how it can be reducedAcid deposition and how it can be reduced
Harmful effects of air pollutantsHarmful effects of air pollutants
Preventing and controlling air pollutionPreventing and controlling air pollution
When is a Lichen Like a Canary?When is a Lichen Like a Canary?
Mine canariesMine canaries
LichensLichens
Detectors of air pollutionDetectors of air pollution
Isle Royale in Lake SuperiorIsle Royale in Lake Superior
ChernobylChernobyl
Fig. 15-1, p. 345
When is a Lichen Like a Canary?When is a Lichen Like a Canary?
Fig. 15-1, p. 345
Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s Atmosphere
TroposphereTroposphere
78% N78% N22, 21% O, 21% O22
StratosphereStratosphere
Ozone layerOzone layer
Fig. 15-2, p. 347
Fig. 15-2, p. 347
Earth’s Earth’s AtmosphereAtmosphere
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(Sea Level)
–80 –40 0 40 80 120 Pressure = 1,000millibars atground levelTemperature (˚C)
Alt
itu
de
(kilo
met
ers)
Alt
itu
de
(mile
s)
75
65
55
45
35
25
15
5
Thermosphere
Heating via ozone
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Ozone “layer”Heating from the
earth
Troposphere
Temperature
Pressure
Mesopause
Stratopause
Tropopause
Outdoor Air PollutionOutdoor Air Pollution
What is air pollution?What is air pollution?
Stationary and mobile sourcesStationary and mobile sources
Primary pollutantsPrimary pollutants
Secondary pollutantsSecondary pollutants
How air pollutants migrateHow air pollutants migrate
Health threatsHealth threats
Major air pollutants (Table 15-1, p. 349)Major air pollutants (Table 15-1, p. 349)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Carbon dioxide: a pollutant?Carbon dioxide: a pollutant?
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Sources NaturalStationary
CO CO2
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons
Most suspendedparticles
SO3
HNO3 H2SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most and saltsNO3–
Mobile
SO42 –
Fig. 15-3, p. 348
Sources and Types of Air Pollutants Sources and Types of Air Pollutants
Table 15-1, p. 349
Photochemical SmogPhotochemical Smog
Photochemical reactionsPhotochemical reactions
Photochemical smogPhotochemical smog
Natural and human originsNatural and human origins
Brown-air smogBrown-air smog
Temperature effectsTemperature effects
Urban areasUrban areas
Photochemical Smog in Mexico CityPhotochemical Smog in Mexico City
Fig. 15-4, p. 351
Industrial SmogIndustrial Smog
Science SpotlightScience Spotlight, p. 350: , p. 350: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old DaysDays
Composition of industrial smog (sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid)Composition of industrial smog (sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid)
Gray-air smogGray-air smog
Situation better in developed countriesSituation better in developed countries
Serious problem in industrializing countries, such as ChinaSerious problem in industrializing countries, such as China
““Black Triangle” of eastern EuropeBlack Triangle” of eastern Europe
Asian brown cloudAsian brown cloud
Industrial Smog in IndiaIndustrial Smog in India
Fig. 15-5, p. 351
How Natural Eliminates SmogHow Natural Eliminates Smog
Rain and snowRain and snow
Salty sea spraySalty sea spray
Winds Winds
Factors Influencing the Factors Influencing the Formation of SmogFormation of Smog
Urban buildingsUrban buildings
TopographyTopography
High temperaturesHigh temperatures
““Grasshopper Effect”Grasshopper Effect”
Temperature inversions Temperature inversions
Acid DepositionAcid Deposition Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxidesSulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
Wet and dry acid depositionWet and dry acid deposition
Acid rainAcid rain
Regional air pollutionRegional air pollution
Ohio ValleyOhio Valley
BuffersBuffers
Wind transportation Wind transportation
Fig. 15-6, p. 353
Wind
Transformation tosulfuric acid (H2SO4)and nitric acid (HNO3)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Acid fog
Ocean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)and NO
Windborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids andform dry sulfate and nitrate salts
Dry aciddeposition(sulfur dioxidegas and particlesof sulfate andnitrate salts)
Farm
Lakes indeep soilhigh in limestoneare buffered
Lakes in shallowsoil low inlimestonebecomeacidic
Wet acid deposition(droplets of H2SO4 andHNO3 dissolved in rainand snow)
Acid Deposition Acid Deposition
pH Measurements at US Sites pH Measurements at US Sites
Fig. 15-7, p. 354
Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition
Current problem areas(including lakes and rivers)
Fig. 15-8, p. 355
Current and Potential Problems Current and Potential Problems with Acid Depositionwith Acid Deposition
Harmful Effects of Acid DepositionHarmful Effects of Acid Deposition
Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma)Respiratory diseases in humans (bronchitis and asthma)
Leaches metals from water pipesLeaches metals from water pipes
Damages statues and other propertyDamages statues and other property
Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon)Decreases atmospheric visibility (Grand Canyon)
Kills fish and other aquatic organismsKills fish and other aquatic organisms
Leaches plant nutrients from soilsLeaches plant nutrients from soils
Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)Weakens trees (mountaintop forests)
Emission
Aciddeposition
SO2
H2O2
PANs
NOX
O3
Others
Direct damageto leaves and bark
Reducedphotosynthesisand growth
IncreasedSusceptibilityto drought,extreme cold,insects, mosses,and diseaseorganisms
Soil acidification
Leaching of soil nutrients
AcidRelease of toxicmetal icons
Rootdamage
Reduced nutrientand water uptake
Tree death
Groundwater
Fig. 15-9, p. 356
Impacts of Air Impacts of Air Pollution on Trees and Pollution on Trees and
Water Water
Tree Damage from Acid DepositionTree Damage from Acid Deposition
Fig. 15-10, p. 356
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency
Reduce coal use
Increase natural gas use
Increase use of renewable resources
Burn low-sulfur coal
Remove SO2 particulates, and Nox from smokestack gases
Remove Nox from motor vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Add lime to neutralizeacidified lakes
Add phosphatefertilizer to neutralizeacidified lakes
Solutions
Acid Deposition
Prevention Cleanup
Fig. 15-11, p. 357
Reducing Acid Deposition Reducing Acid Deposition
Indoor Air PollutionIndoor Air Pollution
Pollutants often at higher concentrations indoorsPollutants often at higher concentrations indoors
Pollution inside carsPollution inside cars
Most people spent most of their time indoorsMost people spent most of their time indoors
Cancer risksCancer risks
Sick-building syndromeSick-building syndrome
Mold and allergiesMold and allergies
Serious problem in developing countriesSerious problem in developing countries
Major Indoor Air PollutantsMajor Indoor Air Pollutants
Tobacco smokeTobacco smoke
FormaldehydeFormaldehyde
RadonRadon
Very fine particlesVery fine particles
Fig. 15-12, p. 358
Chloroform
Benzo--pyrene
Styrene
Radon-222
Methylene Chloride
Tobacco Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Asbestos
Nitrogen Oxides
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Major Indoor Air Pollutants Major Indoor Air Pollutants
Particulates
FormaldehydeTetrachloro-ethylene
Para-dichlorobenzene
RadonRadon
Radioactive Rn-222Radioactive Rn-222
Lung cancer threatLung cancer threat
With uranium in rocks With uranium in rocks and soilsand soils
Testing homesTesting homes
RemediesRemedies
Fig. 15-13, p. 359
Harmful Effects of Air PollutionHarmful Effects of Air Pollution Human respiratory systemHuman respiratory system
AsthmaAsthma
Lung cancerLung cancer
Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis
EmphysemaEmphysema
Health effects of major air pollutants (Table 15-1, p. 349)Health effects of major air pollutants (Table 15-1, p. 349)
Premature deathsPremature deaths
Serious threat of indoor air pollutionSerious threat of indoor air pollution
Impact of coal-fired power plantsImpact of coal-fired power plants
Cancer from diesel exhaustsCancer from diesel exhausts
Fig. 15-14a, p. 360
Human Respiratory System Human Respiratory System
Healthy and Diseased Human LungsHealthy and Diseased Human Lungs
Fig. 15-15, p. 360
Premature US Deaths from Air PollutionPremature US Deaths from Air Pollution
Fig. 15-16, p. 361
Preventing and Reducing Air Preventing and Reducing Air PollutionPollution
U.S. Clean Air ActsU.S. Clean Air Acts
National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Ambient Air Quality Standards
Criteria from risk assessmentsCriteria from risk assessments
Primary standardsPrimary standards
Secondary standardsSecondary standards
Hazardous air pollutantsHazardous air pollutants
Toxic Release InventoryToxic Release Inventory
““Right to Know” lawsRight to Know” laws
Emissions tradingEmissions trading
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Solutions
Stationery Source Air Pollution
Prevention Dispersion or Cleanup
Burn low-sulfurcoal
Remove sulfurfrom coal
Convert coalto a liquid orgaseous fuel
Shift to lesspolluting fuels
Disperseemissions abovethermal inversionlayer with tallsmokestacks
Removepollutants aftercombustion
Tax each unitof pollutionproduced
Fig. 15-17, p. 363
Solutions: Stationary Source Air Solutions: Stationary Source Air PollutionPollution
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Solutions
Motor Vehicle Pollutions
Prevention Cleanup
Mass transit
Bicycles and walking
Less polluting engines
Less polluting fuels
Improve fuel efficiency
Get older, pollutingcars off the road
Give buyers tax write-offs for buying low-polluting, energy-efficient vehicles
Restrict driving in polluted areas
Emission controldevices
Car exhaustInspectionstwice a year
Stricter emissionstandards
Fig. 15-18, p. 364
Solutions: Motor VehiclesSolutions: Motor Vehicles
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
SolutionsIndoor Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers
Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas
Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials
Prevent radon infiltration
Use office machines in well-ventilated areas
Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products
Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces
Increase intake of outside air
Change air more frequently
Circulate building’s air through rooftop greenhouses
Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas
Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves
Fig. 15-19, p. 364
Solutions: Indoor Air PollutionSolutions: Indoor Air Pollution
Solutions
Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Improve energy efficiencyto reduce fossil fuel use
Rely more on lower-polluting natural gas
Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar-produced hydrogen)
Transfer technologies for latest energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention to developing countries.
Reduce poverty
Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves to poor families in developing countries
Reduce or ban indoor smoking
Develop simple and cheap test for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde
Fig. 15-20, p. 365
Solutions: Air PollutionSolutions: Air Pollution
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
What Can You Do?
Indoor Air Pollution
• Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take corrective measures as needed.
• Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde.• Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs of dust, lead, and pesticides.
• Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for any crumbling asbestos materials if it was built before 1980.
• Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air tested for asbestos and lead.
• Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous chemicals inside a home or attached garage.
• If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside.• Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene- and gas-burning heaters are properly installed, vented, and maintained.
• Install carbon monoxide detectors in all sleeping areas.
Fig. 15-21, p. 365
What Can You Do?What Can You Do?