Post on 19-Dec-2015
Aim: How did the Cold War begin? Do Now: Watch the Cold War/1960’s video.Homework: Read Ch. 26, sect. 2, and answer ques. #4Date: 4/26/10
Soviet Communism vs. U.S. Capitalism What do you know about
communism?
Communism
State controls property and economic activity
Totalitarian govt. with no opposing parties
Capitalism
Private citizens control economic activity
People vote for officials from competing parties
The “Iron Curtain”
The Soviets installed communist gov’ts. in many countries within Eastern Europe
Dubbed “Iron Curtain by Winston Churchill
These countries were called Satellite Nations and included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland
U.S. responds with a policy of containment- preventing any extension of communist rule to other countries
The Truman Doctrine
Cold War- conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in which they never met on a battlefield
Truman Doctrine- policy of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted control by armed minorities or outside pressures
Do you feel it is the responsibility of the U.S. to defend people all around the world from attempted takeovers? If so, then why? If not, then why?
Pres. Truman signing doctrine
The Marshall Plan
U.S. plan to provide aid to all countries in Western Europe that needed it after the war
“Not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.” – Sec. of State George Marshall
What effect would the Marshall Plan have on communist appeal in Europe? Why?
InternationalOrganizations North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO)- a defensive military alliance of several countries in Europe and North America
Brought on by Soviet aggression
Ends U.S. policy of isolationism
United Nations- Group of more than 50 nations sending delegates to resolve disputes peacefully
What’s the difference?
Aim Revisited: How did the Cold War begin?
Soviet Union emerges powerful from WW2 and looks to extend communism to other European countries
USSR installs satellite governments in “Iron Curtain” countries
U.S. practices policy of containing the spread of communism
United Nations established to promote peace
N.A.T.O. established to defend capitalist democracies
Aim: How did the Cold War spread to Asia?
Do Now: What do you know about Korea?
Homework: Read Ch. 26, sect. 3 and answer ques. # 3
Date: 4/28/10
The Berlin Airlift
After WW2 Berlin divided into 4 regions to be controlled by 4 Allies
West Berlin unified in 1948 but surrounded by Soviet controlled East Germany
Stalin’s response was to cut off West Berlin
For 327 days planes took off and landed every few minutes bringing in supplies
Blockade eventually lifted
What affect would this have on U.S.? On Soviet Union?
Chinese Civil War
Nationalists
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Ruled in southern and eastern China
Relied on aid from U.S.
Struggled with inflation and failing economy
Weak leadership and poor morale
Communists
•Led by Mao Zedong• Ruled in northern China• Relied on aid from Soviet Union• Attracted peasants with promises of land reform• Highly motivated leadership and guerrilla army
Nationalists and communists fight Civil WarU.S. tries to keep peaceCorrupt nationalists collapse and flee to TaiwanEstablish independent govt. thereWhy didn’t the U.S. intervene militarily?Does this conflict reflect U.S. policies? (Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan)
Korean War (1950-53)
After WWII, Japanese troops north of 38th parallel surrender to Soviets
Troops south surrender to U.S.
Creates two nations, one communist and one democratic
N. Korea attacks S. Korea
Communist China assists N. Korea
U.S. assists S. Korea
Should the U.S. directly attack Communist China?
Should the U.N. or N.A.T.O. intervene? If so, in what way?
Gen. MacArthur and Korea
MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China
Truman rejects- could set of WWIII
MacArthur publicly bashes Truman
Truman fires MacArthur
Korean War ends in stalemate
Cost = 4,000 American lives, $67 billion
Korea remains divided today
Was this the right way to handle this situation?
“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”
Aim Revisited: How did the Cold War spread to Asia?
Berlin Airlift wins America worldwide public support and Germany (Berlin) permanently divided
Chinese civil war fought between nationalists and communists ends in communist victory
Korean War fought as extension of Soviet/Chinese communism
Ends in stalemate and remains divided today
Aim: How did the Cold War affect Americans at home?
Do Now: What was the “Red Scare” during World War I about?
Homework: Read Ch. 27, sect. 1 and answer ques. #4
Date: 4/29/10
Red Scare 2 (This time it’s scarier!!!) Fearing spread of communism
people were investigated by gov’t for involvement in communist activity including; federal employees, people in films industry
Those found guilty were blacklisted- unable to obtain a job or imprisoned
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were put to death for being accused of leaking secrets on atomic weapons to the Soviets
Why do you think people like this were targeted as being communist? The Rosenberg’s
Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthy used America’s fear of
communism to gain support for re-election
Guilty of McCarthyism- the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence
Supposed 200 people working in gov’t were communists but he could not produce any names
As a result:
1) Many are now afraid to speak out on public issues
2) Millions are forced to undergo loyalty investigations
3). People afraid to speak out against gov’t.
4). Artists were suppressed, blacklisted and stopped performing
The Race for the H-Bomb U.S. develops Hydrogen
(H) bomb in 1952
Soviets develop their own in 1953
Leads to U.S. policy of brinkmanship:
1) U.S. could prevent communism by promising to use all of its force (including H-Bombs) against any aggressor nation
2) U.S. trims army but builds up nuclear weapons and air force (to drop nukes)
H-Bomb 67 times more powerful than A-Bomb
The Warsaw Pact and the C.I.A. In response to NATO and
the CIA, Soviets form the Warsaw Pact
Defensive alliance linking Soviets with 7 other eastern European countries
CIA begins covert actions to take down gov’ts unfriendly to U.S.
Helped overthrow Iran’s Prime Minister giving us greater access to oil
Supported guerrilla army to overthrow Guatemala’s president
What are we doing?
Cold War in the Middle East Egypt received aid from
both U.S. and Soviet Union
When U.S. stopped sending aid for their involvement with USSR Egypt closed Suez Canal
Backed by U.S. nation of Israel created in 1948 as homeland for Jews
Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country
Why does the middle east matter in all of this?
The Cold War takes to the Skies When Stalin dies in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev
takes over
Believed communism could succeed and compete with capitalism peacefully
Believed in economic and scientific competition
Sets off the “Space Race”- Russians launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to successfully reach space
U-2 incident- U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR US has to admit guilt of spying
Any benefits to “space race”?
This U-2 Not this U-2
Aim Revisited: How did the Cold War affect Americans at home?
Red Scare escalates and artists among many other accused of communism
Senator Joseph McCarthy begins “witch hunt” to expose and blacklist supposed communists with no success
Race for more powerful H-bomb escalates fear of Cold War
Middle East becomes involved because of spread of aid to oil rich countries
Scientific advancements leads to space race and more spying incidents
Aim: What was Cold War American culture like?
Do Now: What is the “American Dream”? Homework: Read Ch. 28, sect. 1 and answer
ques. #3 Date: 4/30/10
The American Dream Economic Growth occurred
after war b/c Americans had war bonds and service pay to spend
Suburbia- communities outside of cities accessible by car
Consumerism- purchase of material goods as a reflection of success
Car Culture- cars became cheaper and highways grew
Interstate Highway System created by Eisenhower to foster trade and economy
How does the car, suburbia and consumerism reflect the American dream?
GI Bill 1946- 10 million people
released from military GI Bill of Rights- pays
part of tuition to college for GIs, unemployment benefits, low interest loans to buy homes
How would this affect the country?
Baby Boom Generation Babies born
postwar through 1960s known as baby boomers
Over 4 million born in 1957, one every 7 seconds
Overall 40 million people
How would this affect the country?
Jackie Robinson: Mr. Cremeans’ top 10 American Heroes #8
First African-American baseball player- 1947 Won Rookie of the Year Award 1949 won MVP Award 1955 member of champion Brooklyn
Dodgers Faced intense discrimination from opposing
players Could not eat or room with the rest of his
team First African-American Hall of Famer Received death threats daily After baseball got involved in Harlem
politics “Plenty of times I wanted to haul off when
somebody insulted me for the color of my skin but I had to hold myself. I knew I was kind of an experiment.”
Why is this such a big deal?
Rock & Roll
Teenage Culture began to grow
What is teenage culture today?
Subcultures grew- alternate cultural styles
Beat Movement- Social and literary nonconformity in art
Rock & Roll artists- Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Bill Haley
What are some subcultures today? Elvis Presley
Aim Revisited: What was Cold War American culture like?
Economic Growth after the war led to a growth in spending
The American Dream offered people consumer goods, a house in the suburbs, a car in the driveway and a “perfect” life
The GI Bill offered former servicemen college tuition, and low interest loans
The Baby Boomer Generation expanded every area of American life
Teenage culture and Rock & Roll created alternate cultures
Aim: What was the role of the Kennedy Administration in the Cold
War? Do Now: What do you know about the Kennedy
Administration? Homework: Read Ch. 28, sect. 2 and answer ques.
#5 Date: 5/3/10
John F. Kennedy Kennedy wins 1960 elections
with a better image than opponent Richard Nixon and promising civil rights laws
Considered young, charismatic, handsome but inexperienced
Sound familiar? First non English Protestant
president (Irish Catholic) Spoke out against arrests of
Martin Luther King Jr. winning approval and votes from minorities
What do you think Kennedy represented?
Kennedy’s Vision
“Let the word go forth from this time and this place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed…
Let every nation know, whether it wishes well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”
“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.”- Pres. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address
What message is Kennedy sending to the Soviet Union and other Communist satellite countries?
How do you think the American public reacted to this statement? How would McCarthyist thinkers in America react to this statement?
Are there aspects of Kennedy’s vision still burning strong in American foreign policy today?
The Bay of Pigs Invasion CIA was training Cuban
exiles in Florida to invade their homeland and start an uprising to overthrow Castro
Very poorly planned: 1) Air strikes failed 2) 25,000 Cuban troops
with Soviet tanks and artillery were waiting on the shore to fight the 1,500 exiles
3) Exiles were either killed or imprisoned
What were the consequences of this failed invasion for the U.S.?
What would this do for the morale of Communism?
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban revolutionary
Fidel Castro assumed power in the late 1950’s
Declared himself Communist and openly accepted aid from the Soviets
1962- several Soviet nuclear missiles aimed at U.S.
Missiles could reach NY in 15 minutes
October 22 Kennedy warns USSR that attack from Cuba would mean all out war on them too
Nuclear war feared for 6 days
Imagine what that would be like
Missile Crisis Outcomes World waited for
Khrushchev’s reaction to the blockade
Khrushchev backed down rather than fight a nuclear war
Soviets agreed to dismantle the bases and remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to attack Cuba
Lead to the development of the Hot Line- a phone line that would link the President and the Premier to discuss crisis situations immediately
The Berlin Wall
Germans begin fleeing East Berlin by the millions to escape Communist rule
Khrushchev threatens to close all roads and airports to West Berlin again
Instead of fighting war over Berlin Soviet troops begin to build Berlin Wall- August 13, 1961
What is the symbolism of this wall?
Aim Revisited: What was the role of the Kennedy Administration in the Cold War?
John F. Kennedy elected president 1960 with charisma and promise of change in civil rights
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba goes terribly wrong making Kennedy and US look bad
Cuban Missile Crisis increases threat of nuclear war but is narrowly avoided
Berlin Wall is constructed in 1961 separating Berlin and creating image of Soviet oppression
Aim: What was President Kennedy’s “New Frontier” plan?
Do Now: What changes might Kennedy want to bring to American society?
Homework: Read Ch. 28, sect. 3 and answer ques. #2
Date: 5/4/10 International Star Wars Day “May the Fourth be with you!”
Test on Thursday on Ch. 26, 27 (sect. 1), 28
Kennedy’s New Frontier “We stand today on the edge of a
new frontier, Americans need to be new pioneers, explore uncharted areas of science and space, explore unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.”
Plans included medical care for elderly, rebuilding run down urban neighborhoods, aid education, fight poverty at home and abroad
Challenges to implementing this new frontier plan- Republican Congress, elected by a slim margin so he lacked mandate, bad economy
Economic Problems
Recession- Decline in GDP (gross domestic product) for 2 quarters (6 months)
Unemployment at 7 percent
How would this affect Kennedy’s plans?
How would this affect the Cold War?
The Peace Corps
“There is not enough money in all America to relieve the misery of the underdeveloped world in giant and endless soup kitchen. But there is enough know-how and knowledgeable people to help those nations help themselves”- JFK
To ease poverty around the world Peace Corps created- program of volunteers to assist developing nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America
People worked as agricultural advisers, teachers, health aides
By 1968- 35,000 volunteers in 60 nations
Between 1961-1969 $12 billion given to Latin American countries
What might this do for the U.S.?
Peace Corps Commemorative Stamp
“Houston, we have a problem!”
In response to Soviets sending first man into space Kennedy begins spending millions to improves space program
Cape Canaveral, FL and Houston mission control centers built
July, 20, 1969 US sends a man to the moon
Is this a good idea? Any problems with spending money on space program?
JFK Assassinated 1963 Kennedy begins to focus on
civil rights issues and loses some popularity
JFK went to Dallas to meet with leaders of Democratic party
In procession on the street Kennedy shot in head and died instantly
Lee Harvey Oswald found later that day and accused of assassination
Oswald shot 2 days later
Warren Commission created to investigate assassination but left many questions
What affect would this have on the country?
Aim Revisited: What was President Kennedy’s “New
Frontier” plan? Kennedy fought a recession, Republican Congress
to implement “New Frontier” plans
Peace Corps created to ease global poverty
Space Program heavily funded to prove American prestige
Plans halted when JFK assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas
Aim: How did Lyndon B. Johnson work towards
creating a “Great Society”?
Do Now: How would the assassination of JFK have affected the country?
Homework: Study for test tomorrow, Ch. 26, 27 (sect. 1), 28
Date: 5/5/10
President Lyndon Baines Johnson Upheld Kennedy’s legacy by:
1) supporting tax-cuts
2) supporting 1964 Civil Rights Bill- outlawed discrimination in public housing and jobs based on race, religion, sex
L.B.J.’s own agenda was aimed at alleviating poverty
He began:
1) The Job Corps Youth Training Program
2) VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America)
3) Project Head Start- education program for underprivileged school kids
4) Community Action Program- encouraged the poor to participate in public-works programs
“The Great Society” Johnson’s vision for America where
there would be an end to poverty and racial injustice
Considered education the key- “Every child must have the best education a nation can provide.”
Introduced new programs like:
1) Medicare- hospital and low-cost medical insurance for Americans over 65
When might this become a problem?
2) Medicaid- extended health insurance to people on welfare
3) Immigration- ended quota system of letting in immigrants that favored Europeans
4) Environment- Passed several laws aimed at cleaning air and water
The Warren Court Brought about an era of
liberal reform to the Supreme Court in the 1960’s.
Dealt with such issues as:
1) Segregation- ended with Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954
2) The Rights of Accused Persons- Miranda vs. Arizona- suspects read their rights
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Earl Warren
Aim Revisited: How did Lyndon B. Johnson work towards creating
a “Great Society”? Continued JFK’s work towards Civil Rights bill
With “Great Society” vision he started “War on Poverty” and implemented man programs such as Medicare and Medicaid
Warren Supreme Court made several decisions dealing with segregation and rights of accused criminals
Topics to Study for Unit 10 Test