Artificial IntelligenceIntroduction: Prolog

Presented by

1-Eng. Mahmoud Mostafa 2-Eng. Nourhan Essmat

Fall 2015

Before we start let us look for the following questions:

◦ Could something (Other than a creation of God) think?

◦ Is it possible to artificially produce machine, which has the components, which mirror the human body? If the answer to this question is yes how and why?

◦ Is it possible for a digital computer to think? If the answer to this question is yes, what make it

think?

Introduction

Programmed decisions in which the problem is:◦ Have a definite procedure.◦ Repetitive and routine.

Non-programmed decisions in which the problem is:◦ Novel and unstructured.◦ No cut-and dried method for handling the

problem.

Simon’s Types of decision

Usually computer outperform in the first. What about the 2nd?

Simon’s Types of decision

Here, we come to Simon’s problem solving phases.

◦ Searching environment for conditions calling for a solution (Intelligence)

◦ Inventing, Developing, and analyzing possible courses of action (Design)

◦ Selecting a course of action from those available (Choice)

◦ Assessing past choices (Review)

Simon’s Problem solving phases

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at the

moments people do better.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is Computer software that allows a computer (or

Robot) to perform tasks we could consider intelligent if done by a person

Another definition for AI is that

These tasks are in the following form:

◦ Giving expert advice.

◦ Understanding natural language, speaking intelligently.

◦ Recognizing complex patterns such as handwriting.

AI Tasks

There are many techniques in solving AI problems but in general there are three techniques:

◦ Search◦ Knowledge◦ Abstraction

AI techniques

Data: It is the fundamentals facts, figures, measurement, and observations without context or organization.

Information: It is processed data, Data that have been organized.

Knowledge: understanding derived from Information

Wisdom: It is the ability to use knowledge for purpose.

Knowledge

Declarative knowledge. ◦ Ex: Facts like personal data in database.

Procedural Knowledge. ◦ EX: steps for solving an algebraic equation.

Heuristic Knowledge. ◦ Ex: it is knowledge used to make a good

judgment.

Type of knowledge

Symbolic(formal language, equations)

Non-Symbolic (as images in early years)

Knowledge Representation and Organization

The most popular representation for knowledge is by symbolic logic.

where we translate given English facts to symbol representation as the example:

◦ If it is hot and humid it will rain◦ If it is humid then ,it is hot.◦ It is humid now.

Let P,Q,R represents “it is hot”,”it is humid” and ,”it will rain” then:

◦ P ^ Q R◦ P Q◦ Q

symbolic logic

Thus we have translated English sentences into formula .

any of these simple facts is called a proposition which is a declarative sentence that is either TRUE or FALSE.

Consider the relations

So suze is pretty.

Proposition

Programming with logic

Prolog Programming

Hello World

Family Tree

Family Tree

Q1. For the Previous Family tree get Sister, Grandmother, Grandfather and Uncle.

Assignment