Human GeographyHuman Geography

AgricultureAgriculture

Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation

The use of multiple plots of land, The use of multiple plots of land, normally three or more, which are normally three or more, which are planted in rotation by the year as to planted in rotation by the year as to promote soil functionality.promote soil functionality.

AgricultureAgriculture

The science, art, or occupation The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farminglivestock; farming

The cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, The cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, and and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.other products used to sustain life.

IntertillageIntertillage

In shifting cultivation, spreads out In shifting cultivation, spreads out production over the farming season by production over the farming season by planting different crops in the same field.planting different crops in the same field.

Slash-and-Burn (swidden)Slash-and-Burn (swidden)

A method of agriculture used in the A method of agriculture used in the tropics, in which forest vegetation is tropics, in which forest vegetation is felled and burned, the land is cropped for felled and burned, the land is cropped for a few years, then the forest is allowed to a few years, then the forest is allowed to reinvade.reinvade.

Swidden is the plot of land that has been Swidden is the plot of land that has been slash-and-burned upon. slash-and-burned upon.

MILKSHEDMILKSHED

A region that produces milk for a specific A region that produces milk for a specific communitycommunity

The area surrounding a city from which milk The area surrounding a city from which milk is suppliedis supplied

Market GardeningMarket Gardening

Highly intensive (in capital terms) farming Highly intensive (in capital terms) farming of flowers, fruit, and very perishable of flowers, fruit, and very perishable vegetables on a commercial basis. vegetables on a commercial basis.

Located close to urban areas as an Located close to urban areas as an immediate market, but large enterprises immediate market, but large enterprises may also distribute at a national and may also distribute at a national and regional scale. regional scale.

Livestock RanchingLivestock Ranching

The breeding and raising of animals, The breeding and raising of animals, these animals are usually used for meat these animals are usually used for meat purposes and raised in large herds.purposes and raised in large herds.

SubsidySubsidy

Assistance paid to a business or Assistance paid to a business or economic sector.economic sector.

Mediterranean Mediterranean AgricultureAgriculture

Form of Agriculture along the side of the Form of Agriculture along the side of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea winds Mediterranean Sea. The sea winds provide moisture for the crops and provide moisture for the crops and moderate winter temperatures and takes moderate winter temperatures and takes place in hilly, mountainous regions.place in hilly, mountainous regions.

Ex: Olives and grapesEx: Olives and grapes

Luxury Crop Luxury Crop

Crops that are not essential to human Crops that are not essential to human survival and are sold at a high price.survival and are sold at a high price.

EX: Tobacco, Sugarcane, and cotton EX: Tobacco, Sugarcane, and cotton

Crop RotationCrop Rotation

The system of varying successive crops The system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground in a definite order on the same ground especially to avoid depleting the soil and especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weed diseases and pests- to control weed diseases and pests- dictionary.comdictionary.com

Commercial agricultureCommercial agriculture

The production of crops where the main The production of crops where the main goal is to turn a profit. Usually intended goal is to turn a profit. Usually intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets. –AP human geography or retail outlets. –AP human geography website. website.

Carl SauerCarl Sauer

American geographer who studied and American geographer who studied and focused on the relationship between focused on the relationship between humans and landhumans and land

Domestication Domestication

Adaptation on to intimate association with Adaptation on to intimate association with human life. human life.

FallowFallow

Unplowed and unseeded during a Unplowed and unseeded during a growing seasongrowing season

Double CroppingDouble Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same Harvesting twice a year from the same feildfeild

Von ThVon Thűnen’s Model of űnen’s Model of Land UseLand Use

States how market prices and location States how market prices and location affect the production decisions of affect the production decisions of individual farmersindividual farmers

Horticulture Horticulture

The growing of fruit, vegetables, or The growing of fruit, vegetables, or flowersflowers

GMO (genetically GMO (genetically modified organisms)modified organisms)

Crops that carry new traits that have Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.engineering methods.

Green RevolutionGreen Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fetilizers.seeds and fetilizers.

RanchingRanching

A form of commercial agriculture in which A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.livestock graze over an extensive area.

Subsistence AgricultureSubsistence Agriculture

- agriculture designed primarily to provide - agriculture designed primarily to provide for direct consumption by the farmer’s for direct consumption by the farmer’s family.family.

Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution

Transferring from hunter and gathering to Transferring from hunter and gathering to cultivating plants (agriculture).cultivating plants (agriculture).

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Ownership by the same Ownership by the same firm of a number of firm of a number of

companies that exist companies that exist along a variety of points along a variety of points on a commodity chain. on a commodity chain.

Truck farmTruck farmby mac and timby mac and tim

Highly efficient large scale operations Highly efficient large scale operations that take full advantage of machines at that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.every stage of the growing process.

Ridge tillageRidge tillage

System of planting crops on ridge tops in System of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production cost and order to reduce farm production cost and promote greater soil conservationpromote greater soil conservation

TranshumanceTranshumance

TranshumanceTranshumance is the seasonal is the seasonal movement of people with their livestock movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter between fixed summer and winter pastures. pastures.

Pastoral NomadismPastoral Nomadism

Pastoralism involves the Pastoralism involves the breeding and herding of breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and needs for food, shelter, and clothing.clothing.

Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus

an English scholar, influential in political an English scholar, influential in political economy and demography. Malthus economy and demography. Malthus popularized the economic theory of rent.popularized the economic theory of rent.

Malthus has become widely known for Malthus has become widely known for his theories about population and its his theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to increase or decrease in response to various factorsvarious factors

Rural SettlementRural Settlement

Clustered rural settlement- a place where Clustered rural settlement- a place where a number of families live in close a number of families live in close proximity to each other with fields proximity to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildingsfarm buildings

Extensive Subsistence Extensive Subsistence AgricultureAgriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.and the farmer’s family.

Intensive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence FarmingFarming

Primary subsistence pattern of large-Primary subsistence pattern of large-scale, populous societies. It results in scale, populous societies. It results in much more food being produced per acre much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns.compared to other subsistence patterns.

A form of subsistence agriculture that A form of subsistence agriculture that involves effective and efficient use of involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yieldscrop yields

AQUACULTURE!!!AQUACULTURE!!!

FARMING OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS FARMING OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS SUCH AS FISH, SHELLFISH, AND SUCH AS FISH, SHELLFISH, AND EVEN PLANTS.EVEN PLANTS.

www.Maine.govwww.Maine.gov

DairyingDairying

Branch of agriculture that encompasses Branch of agriculture that encompasses the breeding, raising, and utilization of the breeding, raising, and utilization of dairy animals for the production of milk dairy animals for the production of milk and the various dairy products processed and the various dairy products processed from itfrom it

Agribusiness Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. ownership by large corporations.

FeedlotFeedlot

A management system in which naturally A management system in which naturally grazing animals are confined to a small grazing animals are confined to a small area which produces no feed and are fed area which produces no feed and are fed on stored feeds.on stored feeds.

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms to The manipulation of living organisms to produce useful usually commercial produce useful usually commercial productsproducts

Boserup hypothesisBoserup hypothesis

Agricultural methods that depend on the Agricultural methods that depend on the size of the population.size of the population.

Commodity chainCommodity chain

Process used by multinational Process used by multinational corporations where firms gather corporations where firms gather resources, transform them into foods or resources, transform them into foods or commodities and, finally is distributed to commodities and, finally is distributed to the consumersthe consumers

““Tragedy of the Tragedy of the Commons”Commons”

If a resource is used by all, then, If a resource is used by all, then, ultimately, that resource will be ultimately, that resource will be destroyed.destroyed.

PlantationPlantation

a usually large farm or estate, especially a usually large farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, on in a tropical or semitropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar which cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, or the like is cultivated, usually by cane, or the like is cultivated, usually by resident laborers. resident laborers.