Agenda: 5/20• Tools of Genetics: Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant

DNA (Genetic Engineering)

• Recombinant DNA (Genetic Engineering) • What, why, how

• Reading- New Genetics • Overview • Genetic Engineering Challenge – Rice to prevent vitamin A deficiency

Homework: News article Summary + connection, change, impact

Tools of Genetics: Recombinant DNA and Cloning• Read pp. 38 & 39: The New Genetics• Summarize:

• How do scientists move genes from one organism to another? • Explain the role of restriction enzymes• Explain how the DNA fragments are combined• Explain the role of cloning in the making of insulin

RECOMBINANT DNA =GENETIC ENGINEERINGIntroduction

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)• Method to create a new DNA molecule by piecing together

different DNA molecules

• When cells accept the rDNA, they will “express” the new genes by making the new proteins• Cells are “genetically engineered”

Introduction• HHMI's BioInteractive - Genetic engineering

Genetically engineered products- using recombinant DNA (rDNA)Why?

Products in the body are either:

(1) Made in too small quantities

(2) Made at the wrong time

(3) Lack an important characteristic

(4) Can be made in greater quantity for medical use

Uses rDNA – proteins made by body in small quantities

• Insulin (first rDNA product; 1982)• Growth hormone

• Children with insufficient growth hormone or poor kidney function

• Blood clot prevention (plasminogen activator)• Larger quantities used to prevent heart attacks or strokes

• Blood clotting factor – for hemophilia• Gamma interferon – fight cancer growth

Genetic Engineering –Recombinant DNA How?

1. Identify a molecule produced by a living organism

2. Isolate the instructions (DNA sequence = gene)

3. Put the instructions into another cell or organism

4. Allow the cell to replicate

5. Harvest the desired product

What do we need to learn about to understand how recombinant DNA products? • Central Dogma

• Universal nature for all organisms

• Macromolecules• Proteins• Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acid

• Transcription • Translation • Stem Cells

The Vector (E. coli bacteria).

Chromosome & Plasmid

Genetic Engineering ChallengeHow can scientists develop rice that could prevent vitamin A deficiency?

• Macromolecules• What are the major

types?

• What is their composition? (Elements)

• Functions?

Genetic Engineering ChallengeHow can scientists develop rice that could prevent vitamin A deficiency?

• Vitamin A deficiency

causes: 2.5 million deaths/year

250,000 – 500,000 cases of blindness/yr.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Bacteria found in the soil which produces Crown Galls

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Bacteria

DNA sequence to signal transcription of the gene

Learning More about How Scientists Do Genetic Engineering

• Scientists have developed a genetically engineered type of rice called Golden Rice which produces rice grains with substantial quantities of pro-vitamin A. The actual process has been significantly more complex than the basic steps described in the activity you have completed.

• As you read these sources, note any additional steps or modifications of the procedures needed to genetically engineer rice plants that produce pro-vitamin A in their rice grains.

• Prepare a revised and expanded description of the steps needed to produce rice plants that make significant quantities of pro-vitamin A in their rice grains.

 •  

Learning More about How Scientists Do Genetic Engineering• Scientists have developed a genetically engineered type of rice called

Golden Rice which produces rice grains with substantial quantities of pro-vitamin A. The actual process has been significantly more complex than the basic steps described in the activity you have completed.

For useful additional information read and view:• "How do you make a transgenic plant?" (including an animation demo

from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln; http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/transgeniccrops/how.html) (http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/transgeniccrops/animation.html)

• "Gene Manipulation in Plants" (http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/biology/gene-manipulation-plants/content-section-4.3)