Post on 09-Jun-2020
Africa and Asia During the Age of “New” Imperialism
But first…Let’s look at some
nationalist movements
“Gunpowder Empires”
Akbar (r.1556-1605)
• Conquest followed by humane rule Diversity of the subcontinent?
Hindu/Muslim
Religious toleration
The Divine Faith
New form of worship that combined characteristics of multiple faiths
Infallibility of the Emperor
Imperial Divinity?
Divine Right?
Divine Guidance?
Society and Economics
• Government dominated by
non-native Muslims
• Hindus allowed some official
positions
• Used Islamic and Hindu Laws
• Peace and Stability =
Economic Growth, Foreign
Trade
Development of Nation States
• 6 Bonds that create a nation state1. Nationality – belief in a common ethnic ancestry
2. Language – why would this be important
3. Culture – a shared way of life
4. History – common past/experiences
5. Religion – shared by most or all of people
Where could this upset the balance of power in Europe?
Attempts at German Unification
A German Nation
• 1800’s – Loose Confederation of German States
Impact of Bismarck
• 1862 – named German Chancellor (prime minister)
• Realpolitik – idea that politics should be based on the needs of the state
• Goal = power for the state
“The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.”
Otto Von Bismarck
People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war or before an election.
Otto von Bismarck
•When a man says he approves of something in principle, it means he hasn't the slightest intention of carrying it out in practice.
• Otto von Bismarck
How did Germany Become Unified?
1. Strong Military – used as a diplomatic tool.
2. Annexation – to take control of a territory
3. War1. War with Denmark (annexed territory)
2. War with Austria (7 Weeks War, gained territory)
3. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck’s Policies
•Goals Keep France weak
Make alliances with Austria and Russia
The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Reforms
Mahmud II (1808-1839)
Breaks Janissary dominance
Increased Diplomacy with Europe
Westernization of Army
Tanzimat (Reorganization) Reforms – 1839-1876
• Intended to slow the decline of the Ottoman Empire Westernization of Education
Systems
Telegraph System
Legal Reform
Removal of restrictions on foreign trade
This actually hurt
1876 Constitution
Reforms Threaten the Sultanate
Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)
• Attempt to return to absolutism of traditional sultanate
• Nullified constitution
• Restricted Civil Liberties
• Arrest, torture, exile, even execution of political dissidents
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
(“Young Turks”)
• Founded 1889 by exiled political activists
• 1908 coup supported by military
• Restored constitution and civil liberties
• Sultan as a figurehead, military officials in control
• Attempt to maintain control of a Turk dominated Ottoman Empire
• Resistance to Turkish Domination
The “Eastern Question”
• Influence over the declining Ottoman Empire
• Why would Russia want influence in the region?
The “Eastern Question”
• Influence over the declining Ottoman Empire
• Why would Russia want influence in the region?
• Crimean War (1853-1856) Russian Defeat
• Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) Russian Victory, Ottoman loss of Eastern European
Territory
Ottoman Empire 18th and 19th
Century Characteristics
• Weak Sultans
• Competing interests Janissary Leaders
Religious Leaders
Political Leaders
Nationalism
• Governmental Corruption
• Economic Competition
• Loss of Territory
The Russian Empire in Decline
•Russia a massive, multi-cultural empireAutocratic Rule
Powerful nobles, privilege
serfdom
The Crimean War, 1853-1856
•Russian expansion into Caucasus in larger attempt to establish control over weakening Ottoman empireThreatens to upset balance of power, Europeans become involved
humiliating defeat for Russia
Russian weakness in the face of western technology, strategy is obvious
The Russian empire, 1801-1914
Reform: Emancipation of the Serfs
• Serfdom = rural instability and peasant revolt
• Tsar Alexander II emancipates serfs in 1861
Does not help poverty, land issue
Forced to pay for lands they had farmed for generations
36
Industrialization in Russia
• Massive railroad construction Trans-Siberian railroad
• But massive industrial discontent Peasants uprooted from rural lifestyle to work for low
wages, long hours
India and Africa during the era of ColonizationThe “New Imperialism”
European Imperialism
in Africa and Asia
European Imperialism
in Africa and Asia
British Influence in India
• 1600- East India Company (Britain) is formed, which built trading posts and forts in India
• French East India Company does the same, and the French challenge the British for control
• 1757-Battle of Plassey- East India Co. defeats the French East India Co. by using British and Indian soldiers
Consolidation of Power
• Relied on Indian troops (sepoys) trained in European
military style
• Global rivalry with the French
• Conflict with Indian princes
• Sepoy Rebellion -- 1857
British put down revolt, Direct Rule established
Benefits of British Rule
•Education reforms- new universities and schools
• Irrigation projects
•Reformed police and judicial system
•Encouraged cotton industry
•Built railroads, canals, and roads across the country
Harmful Effects of British Rule
•Unrest among the population
•British discriminate against the
natives
•Changed ancient Indian waysGrow cotton, not wheat
Led to the starvation and death of millions of
Indians.
Pre 19th Century Trade With Africa
18th, 19th Century
•Declining worldwide slave trade –Movement toward “legitimate” trade
•New economic focusManufacturing
Natural Resources
Scramble for Africa
• 1880-1900 European powers compete for
influence on the continent
• 1884 Berlin Conference European countries set rules for
African annexation
Why?
Anything strike you as odd about this?
Guiding Philosophies
• Social Darwinism
• “White-Man’s Burden”
Opium Trade and War1839-1842
•Why opium?
•Western Advantages?
•Results (Treaty of Nanjing)5 Coastal ports open to the British
Hong Kong ceded to the British
Limited tariffs for British
Internal Reforms
•Self-Strengthening Adopt Western Technology
Maintain Confucian Traditions
Can this be done?
Think about impediments to reform
Obstacles to Industrialization
• Lack of standard weights and measures
• No paper money
• Little infrastructure
• Laws limiting manufacturing
• Cultural aversion to commerce Traditionally agrarian society
The fall and rise of JapanThe Meiji Restoration
Tokugawa shogunate• Role of shogun and daimyo?
• Role of emperor?
• Role of samurai?
• Role of business and industry?
• Peasants and agriculture?
Tokugawa shogunate
• The Black Ships Japanese term for western ships
Tokugawa shogunate
•Tokugawa IeyoshiDies shortly after Perry's expeditions
Nothing shady
•US Commodore Matthew Perry1853-54 Expedition
Japan signs unequal treaty
Tokugawa shogunate
•Tokugawa IeyoshiDies shortly after Perry's expeditions
Nothing shady
•US Commodore Matthew Perry1853-54 Expedition
Tokugawa Iesada
Ieyoshi's son, described as "sickly". Council
of advisors led by Abe Masahiro
Tokugawa shogunate
Abe Masahiro
Chief advisor to the shogun.
Does not think Japan can resist
Western influence any longer
but doesn't really have authority
to make decisions. Polls daimyo
across Japan to help make
decisions.
Tokugawa Japan?
What did
polling
daimyo just
do to the
legitimacy of
the
Shogunate?
"
19 say give in
19 say let's brawl
The remainder of
the 61 known
responses are
vague, suggest
negotiation, or say
they are good
with whatever
Then the Americans come back
Kanagawa
Treaty of 1854
Gunboat
Diplomacy
Unequal
Treaty
Tokugawa Japan?
Kanagawa Treaty
of 1854
Within 4 years
Japan had similar
treaties with the
British, Dutch,
Russians, and
French.
Similarities to China?
Tokugawa shogunate
• Tokugawa Iesada (r. 1853-1858) Major earthquakes with
tsunami
Foreigners living and trading in Japan
Extraterritoriality: foreigners not subject to Japanese laws or courts
Cholera outbreaks
Tokugawa Iesada
Ieyoshi's son, described as "sickly". Council of
advisors led by Abe Masahiro
Tokugawa Japan?
Kanagawa Treaty
of 1854
Within 4 years
Japan had similar
treaties with the
British, Russians,
and French.
Similarities to China?
Movements to "expel the Barbarians"
• Political assassinations
• Violence against
foreigners
• Official anti-Western
proclamations
• Political division
• Continued Western
aggression
The end of Tokugawa Japan
• Tokugawa Yoshinobu – last Tokugawa Shogun Attempted modernization of army and
navy
Boshin War (1868-69)
Provincial samurai revolt in the name of the emperor
Yoshinobu resigns and goes into retirement
The Meiji Restoration
• Emperor Meiji – still a figurehead with no real power (r. 1867-1912!)
• Meiji Oligarchy Develops – Goals
Dismantle old social system
Industrialization – government sponsored and privately owned
Military Reform
Social mobility
Education reform
Diplomatic missions throughout the world
Daimyo and samurai lose official position but remain at the top of social system
The Meiji Era
• Emperor Meiji – still a figurehead with no real power
• Meiji Constitution of 1889 Limited Representative Government
Established
German model of government
Bicameral legislature – most powerful figures were former nobility
The Meiji Era
• Emperor Meiji – still a figurehead with no real power
• Meiji Constitution of 1889
• Aggressive Foreign Policy Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
The Russo-Japanese War1904-05
The Empire of Japan