Post on 24-Feb-2021
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. Nutrition and feed management and their influence
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.on egg quality
Fabien Galea - ISATechnical manager – Nutritionist
Simposio Cientifico de avicultura6th October 2011
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‘ Effect of feed composition on the egg quality‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Effect of feed composition on the egg quality
Feed composition is very variable and will depend on :Feed composition is very variable and will depend on :- Raw material used (type of cereal / source of protein)- premix composition (vitamins / trace element / additives)
Feed composition will affect the egg quality : but what is the egg quality ?
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‘ Egg quality : different players / different requests‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg quality : different players / different requests
Hatcheryy
Grading stationEgg producer
Egg
Grading stationgg p
Egg quality
Egg industry
Egg consumer
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‘ Egg quality : definition ?‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg quality : definition ?
ery oduc
er
ng st
ation
oces
sing p
lant
onsu
mer
Hatch
er
Egg p
ro
Grad
ing
Egg p
ro
Egg c
on
Cleanliness XX XX XX X XXXShell integrity XX XX XX X XXXShell integrity XX XX XX X XXXHatchability XXXFreshness XX XX XXXSellable egg XX XXN id / t i X X XX XX XXXNo residue / contamina X X XX XX XXXHealthy XX XX X X XXXNutritionnal quality XXXAntioxydant status X XEgg size XX XX XX XXOther…
Egg quality definition and important parameters are not the same for the different players of the egg chain supply
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‘ Egg quality‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg quality
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. Feed and Eggshell quality.
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Feed and Eggshell quality
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‘ Eggshell quality‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
What are we expecting from a good eggshell quality ?
Eggshell quality
What are we expecting from a good eggshell quality ?
1/ A strong eggshell
2/ A clean eggshell
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. What are the nutrionnal factors that will affect the
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.strenght of the eggshell ?
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‘ Eggshell composition :‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Chemical components Pourcentage
Eggshell composition :
p g
Water 1.6%
Protein 3.3%
Calcium 37.3%
Carbonate 58%
M i 0 35%Magnesium 0.35%
Phosphorus 0.35%
Manganese 7 ppma ga ese ppInra 1988
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CALCIFICATION : regulation of blood calcium level‘
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regulation of blood calcium level
Calcification
Blood calcium levelCa++
Bone Absorptionof Ca and PO4
M d ll B
PTH (parathyroide hormone)
Medullary Bone
1,25 (OH)2 D Solubilization Of Ca and PO4Medullary Bone
CaBP
Absorption of calcium C
PO4---
Absorption of calciumfrom intestin
Ca++ Kidney
URINECa++
URINEEgg Shell
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‘ Eggshell quality : calcium dose effect‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Eggshell quality : calcium dose effect
Effect of calcium levels on the eggshell quality at 2 ages
21‐30 weeks 31‐41 weeks
Effect of calcium levels on the eggshell quality at 2 ages
Calcium level % % 3.0% 4.0% 3.0% 4.0%
Specific gravity 1.0913 a 1.0927 b 1.0892 a 1.0904 bp g y
Eggshell strength kg/egg 4.437 a 4.555 b 4.586 a 4.707 b
Lim et al 2003
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‘ Eggshell quality : calcium form effect‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Eggshell quality : calcium form effect
76
Shell Weight in mg / cm2
Cheng 1990
74
75
g
72
73
74
70
71
72
69
70
683,36 2,38 1,68 1,02 0,5 0,15
Siez of Calcium in the feedSize
Increase of Shell Deposit with Larger Particles of Calcium
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‘Eggshell quality : Limestone solubility
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Limestone Solubility Solubility Retention insize, mm in vitro in vivo ( 2 ) gizzard, g ( 1 )
Calcium with a low solubility3.3 - 4.7 29.8 84.8 15.43.3 4.7 29.8 84.8 15.42.0 - 2.8 45.8 79.0 11.81.0 - 2.0 49.3 77.8 5.50 5 0 8 63 1 76 5 0 70.5 - 0.8 63.1 76.5 0.7
av 47.0 79.5
3 3 4 36 3 82 3 9Calcium with a high solubility
3.3 - 4.7 36.3 82.5 3.92.0 - 2.8 54.8 84.0 4.31.0 - 2.0 57.7 74.4 4.70.5 - 0.8 67.6 69.4 1.6
av 54.1 77.6Zhang et al – 1997
2- =(Ca intake - Ca excreted)/Ca intake1 - 5 hours after ingestion
Zhang et al – 1997
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‘ Phosphorus and eggshell quality‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Phosphorus and eggshell quality
0 336
0,332
0,334
0,336
a
0 326
0,328
0,33
ss(m
m)
ab
0,322
0,324
0,326
Shell thickne
s
bb
0,318
0,32
0,316
0,15 0,25 0,35 0,45
% NPP
USAYRAN ET AL. 2001
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‘ Phosphorus and bones‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Phosphorus and bones
Most of the phosphorus intake is use to ‘rebuild’ the bonesMost of the phosphorus intake is use to rebuild the bones between two eggshell formations
Phosphorus / calcium ratio in the bone =
0.6
hydroxyapatite cristal = storage form of calcium and phosphorus in the bonesp osp o us e o es
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‘ Eggshell quality : Vitamine D3‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Eggshell quality : Vitamine D3
Digestive
1st activation : Liver
Cholesterol Digestive tract
D32nd activation : Kidneys
UV
25 OH D3 D2
Calcium
1,25 (OH)2 D3 Calcium Binding Protein
synthesis
Increase the intestinal permeability
Blood
- Low level of vitamin D3
l l i t t ti t thlow calcium transportation to the egg gland
- Liver /kidney in bad condition
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‘ Eggshell quality : Vitamine D3‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Eggshell quality : Vitamine D3
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‘ Eggshell quality : indirect effect liver protection‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
A liver in good condition, will allow to activate D3 vitamins and
Eggshell quality : indirect effect liver protection
A liver in good condition, will allow to activate D3 vitamins and lead to a good eggshel quality
Nutrients having a liver protection effect (Griffith 1969) :- Choline +++ ( and methyl donor like betaine/ methione)- Choline +++ ( and methyl donor like betaine/ methione)
- Fat ++- Vitamines + (B12/B1)
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‘ Eggshell quality : manganese effect‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Manganese is the trace element the more represented in the
Eggshell quality : manganese effect
eggshell (7mg/kg).Manganese will have an effect on the calcite cristals development
and their orientationCalcite cristals arrangement are linked will the eggshell strenght.Manganese have an effect on the mecanical proprieties of the
eggshellgg
Low levels of manganese : High levels of manganese :g
Cristals are well organizedEasy crack propagation
g g
Cristals are not well organizedDifficult crack propagation
Recommended level in the feed : 100 ppm
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‘ Eggshell quality : indirect effect‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg size control an important factor for eggshell quality
Eggshell quality : indirect effect
Egg size control an important factor for eggshell quality
1st factor : Fat
Fat concentration +++ Type of fat +
64
66
68Antar 3 2004 Antar 4 2004Antar 6 2004 Grobas & Mateo 1999Grobas 3 2001 Grobas 4 2001Mannion 1992 Whitehead 1991
61,4
61,5
61,6
60
62
64
Poid
s d'
oeuf
60,9
61
61,1
61,2
61,3
EW (g
)
56
58
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
60,8
,
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3Linoleic acids (%)Grosbas - Mateo 1999
Matière grasse (%)
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‘ Eggshell quality : indirect effect‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg size control through amino acid
Eggshell quality : indirect effect
Egg size control through amino acid
Brown (heavy)Brown (heavy)
62
64
66
68
ht (g
) 500
550
52
54
56
58
60
Egg
wei
gh 600
650
700
750
5024-28 28-32 32-36 36-40 40-44 44-48 48-52 52-56 56-60 60-64 64-68 68-72 72-76
Hen age (weeks) Bonekamp 2010
Amino acid range: 500 mg – 750 mg dig. Lys/hen/dayIncrements of 50 mg dig. Lys/hen/dayOth i id i fi d ti ’ t di LOther amino acids in fixed ratio’s to dig. Lys
But : Too low amino acids concentration leads to decrease the laying rate
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‘ Summary of the feed influence on eggshell quality‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Effect Eggshell Eggshell strenght
Summary of the feed influence on eggshell quality
ggdeposition
gg g
Calcium level Direct ++ +
C l i f Di tCalcium form Direct ++ +
Phosphorus Direct ‐‐ ‐
Vitamine D3 Direct ++ +Vitamine D3 Direct ++ +
Choline Indirect + +
Fat Indirect +/‐ +/‐
Manganèse Direct ++
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‘ Eggshell quality and management interaction‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
All management technics which :
Eggshell quality and management interaction
Improve calcium consumption before and during the night improve egg shell qualityp gg q y
6-7h
Time of empty
feeders
1 5h1.5hNight Night
Take advantage of the natural feeding behaviour of birds:Birds ingest high quantity of feed before lights go offBirds ingest high quantity of feed before lights go off
Likewise, hungry again when lights come on (digestive tract empty)
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. What are the nutrionnal factors that will affect the
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.cleanliness of the eggshell ?
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‘ Cleanliness of the eggshell‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Cleanliness of the eggshell
Dirty eggshell
Water Manure MWater intake
Manure structure
Manure Water holding capacity
+ Interactions
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‘ Factor that will affect the water consumption‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
One on the main factor affecting water consumption is
Factor that will affect the water consumption
One on the main factor affecting water consumption is electrolytes intake:
• Na• K• Cl• Cl
+ the balance between these elements
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‘Effect of potassium concentration in feed on water
‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘ consomption and manure dry mater
90400
70
80
90
300
350
400
%g/d
40
50
60
200
250
a moisture %
nsum
ption g
20
30
40
100
150
Excreta
Water con
0
10
0
50
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Smith et al 2000Potassium %
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‘Effect of sodium concentration in feed on water
‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘ consomption and manure dry mater
90450
70
80
90
350
400
450d
50
60
250
300
moisture %
nsum
ption g/d
20
30
40
100
150
200
Excreta
Water con
0
10
0
50
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5, , ,
Sodium %
Smith et al 2000
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‘ Electrolyte balance‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Simple electrolyte balance take account Na + K –Cl
Electrolyte balance
Simple electrolyte balance take account Na K ClExpressed in meq/kg
Na is fixed by salt and some raw materialsCl is fixed by salt (Na-Cl)K+ depend on soybean meal incorporation rateK+ depend on soybean meal incorporation rate
There is a more complex equation to estimate the electrolyte p q ybalance which include Na K Cl Mg Ca S
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‘Soluble NSP fiber
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4 % of dry matter
3
3.5
4
Arabinoxylan
2
2.5
3ß-Glucan
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
0Blé Orge Seigle Triticale Sorgho Mais
Choct 1997
Wheat Barley Rye Corn
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‘ Effect of soluble fiber‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Soluble fiber like Xylan / B glucan :
Effect of soluble fiber
Soluble fiber like Xylan / B glucan :- Increase the gut viscosity- Increase the water intake- Lead to wet dropping- Increase dirty eggs
Solutions :– Use enzymes with wheat or barley dietsy y– Xylanase : wheat diet– B glucanse : barley diet
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‘ Effect of NSP enzyme on viscosity and excreta moisture‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Effect of NSP enzyme on viscosity and excreta moisture
Barrier-Guillot 1995
NSP enzyme :
-Reduce the excreta moisture (dirty eggs / amonia concentration / easy manure remove)
-Reduce the instenial viscosity
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‘ Other feed factors linked with water consumption‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Feed Process :
Other feed factors linked with water consumption
Feed Process :- Heat treatment apply on the feed- Pelleting (pellet / crumble)
Protein :direct effectdirect effect indirect effect (soybean meal : K+)
Feed consumption
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‘ Insoluble fiber (Carré cellwall) water holding capacity‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Insoluble fiber (Carré cellwall) water holding capacity
20
lls
14
16
18
g 'carré ' wallce
8
10
12
pacity g water /
0
2
4
6
Water holding
ca
0
Corn gluten
Oat
nflower hull
peseed
hull
gluten
feed
orn distiller
flower se
ed
Barle
y
oybe
an hull
Corn
Whe
at
Sorgho
Triticale
alfalfa
PX1
$
Whe
at bran
fower m
eal
Field be
an
Rape
seed Rye
eseed meal
Pea
ybean meal
ybean meal
ed ra
peseed
Alfalfa
Cassava
W
C
Sun
Ra
Corn C
Sun f So
Concentrated
a W
Sun
Rap Soy
Soy
Toaste
Carré et al 1995 C Carré et al 1995
Use a high water holding capacity fiber source to decrease manure free water
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‘ Clays‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Bentonite / sepiolite : clays with high water holding capacity
Clays
Bentonite / sepiolite : clays with high water holding capacity
Used in layer up to 2%
Totaly indigestible
Consequences on manure / dirty eggs :- Increase the manure dry mattery- Decrease the free water (hold by the clay)- Decrease the proportion of dirty eggs due to liquid manure
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‘ Dirty eggs and management interaction‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Dirty eggs and management interaction
Do not feed birds during the laying period
If birds are eating, the natural behavior is to produce manure at the same time. This could lead to :
- Dirty cloaca
- Accumulation of manure on floor Dirty eggs risk is increased
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. Effect of feed on the egg white quality.
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Effect of feed on the egg white quality
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‘ Vitamins transfert in egg white‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg white is poor in vitamins, but levels could be adjusted
Vitamins transfert in egg white
Egg white is poor in vitamins, but levels could be adjusted according to the feed concentration
Vitamins which could be adjusted by feed :• Riboflavin • Folic acid 16)• Folic acid • Niacin• Thiamine
8
10
12
14d (µg/white egg)
• Pyridoxine• Panthotenic acid
Bi ti2
4
6
8
gg white fo
lic aci
• Biotine• B12
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Eg
Folic acid concentration in the feed (ppm)House et al 2002
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‘ Trace element transfert in white eggs‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Trace element transfert in white eggs
1,2
0,8
1
hite (m
g/ 100
g)Trace element transfert in the eggwhite :
0 2
0,4
0,6Co
pper in
egg wh
organic source
inorganic source
the eggwhite :
• Iodine• Selenium• Copper
0
0,2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
C
C t ti i f d ( )
pp
Copper concentration in feed (ppm)Idowu 2005
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‘ Nutrionnal factors affected blood spots‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Nutrionnal factors affected blood spots
- Mycotoxine (ochratoxine)
- Strong chlorine deficiency
Vitamine A- Vitamine A
- Vitamine K
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. Effect of feed on the vitelline membrane.
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Effect of feed on the vitelline membrane
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‘ Why the vitelline membrane is an important parameter?‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Why the vitelline membrane is an important parameter?
Very important parameter for the egg industry.
The vitelline membrane strength will affect the separatibility of the egg yolk and white.
The industry is looking for strong vitellineThe industry is looking for strong vitelline membrane.
Some nutritionnal factors will have a direct effect on the vitelline membrane
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‘ Vitamine E‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Vitamine E
650h
590
610
630
bran
e st
reng
ten
g)
550
570
590
Vite
lline
mem ( T
A
21°C
34°C
510
530
34 C
450
470
490
4500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Vitamine EUI Kirunda 2001
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‘ Membrane composition‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Membrane composition
Chemical composition of the vitelline membrane :
(Kelley 2003)
The type of fat used in the feed will affect the vitelline membrane composition.
Fatty acid incorporated in membrane affect herelasticity and permeabilty.
Saturated fatty acid increase permeabilty (Aydin 2003).2003).
Watkins
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‘ Membrane vitelline‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Vitamine E and insaturated fatty acid have an effect on the
Membrane vitelline
Vitamine E and insaturated fatty acid have an effect on the vitelline membrane strenght and permeability. These factors could be controlled through the feed.
But storage condition (temperature / duration) and the age of the hen will have a bigger effect on the vitelline membrane caracteristic than the feed.
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. Effect of feed on the egg yolk quality.
.
.
Effect of feed on the egg yolk quality
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‘ Effect of fat source on egg fatty acid profil‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Effect of fat source on egg fatty acid profil
Egg fatty acid composition according to the the amount of flaxseed of the diet (Ferrier et al 1995)gg y p g ( )
Egg yolk composition is linked to the diet fatty acid profile
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‘ Trace elements and yolk‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Trace element well transfered in the yolk :
Trace elements and yolk
Trace element well transfered in the yolk :
1200
T l t ll t f d
600
800
1000
n egg yolk (p
pm)
Narahari 2003
k
Trace element are well transfered in the egg yolk.The following trace elements could be increased in the egg yolk :
I di
0
200
400Selenium
in Tucker 2003
surai & dvorska 2001
•Iodine•Copper•Selenium•(Zinc)
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
Selenium in feed (ppm)
Selenium transfert in the egg yolk
Transfert efficiency will depend on the source used. Organic product have an higher digestibility and t f th th i itransfer than the inorganic.
Some differences have been observed between inorganic source toosource too.
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‘ Vitamins transfered in the yolk‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Vitamins transfered in the yolk
Vitamins transfered into the yolk and modifiable by feed:
Vitamin AVitamin E
400
450
Vitamin DRiboflavin +++Folic acid +++
250
300
350
400
ine E (µg/g)
N h i 2003Folic acid +++Niacin +++Thiamine +++ 50
100
150
200
Yolk vita
mi Narahari 2003
Mendonça2002
Jiang et al 1994
Pyridoxine +++Panthotenic acid +++
0
0 100 200 300 400 500Feed Vitamine E (ppm)
Vitamin E transfert from feed to the egg yolk Biotine +++B12 +++
Vitamin E transfert from feed to the egg yolk
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‘ Vitamins with easily egg yolk saturation‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Vitamins with easily egg yolk saturation
100
120
g
60
80
acid
in e
gg10
0g e
gg)
40
60
Folic
a(µ
g /
PEREZ-Vendrell2003
House et la 2002
0
20House et la 2002
Hebert et al 2005
Dickson et al 2006
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Folic acid in feed (ppm)
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‘ Vitamins with difficult egg yolk saturation‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Vitamins with difficult egg yolk saturation
35,0
40,0
25,0
30,0
100g
15,0
20,0
mg vit E
/ 1
Narahari 2003
PEREZ‐Vendrell2003
Leeson et caston 2003
Galobart 2001
5,0
10,0
m Galobart 2001
Wiliams 2003
0,0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Vitamine E ppm
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‘ Transfert of carotenoid‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
C t id ll t f
Transfert of carotenoid
Carotenoid are well transferinto the egg yolk (not intothe white).
45
50
m)
Transfert efficiencies are different according to the carotenoid use
25
30
35
40
45
he e
gg (p
pmExample of carotenoid well
transfered :C th thi
10
15
20
25
en e
ster
in th
Steinberg et al 2000
Steinberg et al 2001
Steinberg 2000b
Canthaxanthine, citranaxantine, lutein, zeaxanthine, apo carotenester
0
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Apo
caro
te
Apocaroten ester in the feed (ppm)
Example of carotenoid transfert in the egg
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‘ Antioxydant status of the eggs‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the
Antioxydant status of the eggs
oxidation of other molecules.
Antioxydant molecules act in synergy to reduce the oxydative stress in an iorganism.
Strong antioxydants are :Vit i E / it i C• Vitamine E / vitamine C
• Selenium / zinc / copper / manganese (indirect action through enzymes)
• Carotenoid (canthanxanthine / lutein /etc )• Carotenoid (canthanxanthine / lutein /etc…)• Polyphenol
Most of them are transferred into the eggs and increase the antioxydantMost of them are transferred into the eggs and increase the antioxydantcapacity of the eggs.
Antioxydant have been shown to improve human health and hatchabilityAntioxydant have been shown to improve human health and hatchability
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‘ Egg dry matter‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg dry matter is an important parameter for egg
Egg dry matter
Egg dry matter is an important parameter for egg processing plants which are producing egg powder and/or liquid egg.
There is no evidence that nutrionnal factors affect directly the dry matter content of the eggs.
Whole egg Yolk White
D 22 5/23 0 % 50 52% 10 13%Dry matter 22.5/23.0 % 50‐52% 10‐13%
Whole egg dry matter depend on the white / yolk ratioWhole egg dry matter depend on the white / yolk ratio.
At fixed age , when egg weight increases, egg white part increases more than the yolk.
Nutrients which affect the egg weight (fat source and concentration and amino acids concentration) affect indirectly the egg dry matter
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‘ Residues / contaminant‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
A lot of molecules are transfered in the egg, some good one
Residues / contaminant
A lot of molecules are transfered in the egg, some good one but some bad one too…
• Dioxine (range)• Medicament residue / metabolite (antibiotic / coccidiostat)• Heavy metals (lead mercure cadnium )• Heavy metals (lead, mercure, cadnium,…)
Sources :- Feed : cross contamination / raw material
W t i / i iti l t lit- Water : pipes / initial water quality- Range : soil / environnement - Practices : use of products at the farm (water / spray)Practices : use of products at the farm (water / spray),
overdosage
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‘ Egg composition and management interaction‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Egg composition is linked to nutrients intake
Egg composition and management interaction
Egg composition is linked to nutrients intake
Feed compositionFeed consumption
Daily empty feedery p yParticle size = uniform feed
Flock evenessFeeder space / bird
The target is to feed a flock not a single hen !
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‘ Conclusion‘‘ Klik om de stijl te bewerken‘‘
Feed composition has a strong impact on the egg quality.
Conclusion
p g p gg q y
All the parts of the eggs are affected by the feed .
Feed composition must be adapted to the egg qualityrequested and/or feed must be adjusted to solve problemsf litof egg quality.
Players of the egg supply chain are not requested the samey gg pp y qegg quality, so feed has to be adjusted according to the target.
Management has to be adapted to secure feed intake, good and uniform intake at the right moment
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. Thank you for your attention.
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Thank you for your attention