ADVERBS AND THE AdvP

PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4)2012-03-13

Today …

… is the day when we finish (off) adverbs and

adjectives!

WHAT WE FAILED TO DO LAST WEEK

PAGE 108 – exercise 14

MORE CLEARLY

LAST

HIGH

IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER

EARLYLATE

IN A MOTHERLY WAY

FIRST

PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (a,b,c,d)

The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly.

These almonds taste bitter.

She smiled bitterly.

To a European, Chinese sounds strange.

PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (e,f,g,h)

The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.

Her mother had slapped her hard.

She walks in an ugly way/manner.

You acted in a cowardly way/manner.

PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (i,j,k,l)

Bob works much harder than Tom.

The play impressed me considerably.

He approaches the subject less scientifically.

She glanced at me slyly.

NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!THIS IS STILL FROM LAST

WEEK

page 109 – exercise 16

“NEW STUFF”: WARM UP

page 109 – exercise 18 (a-c)

The lecturer spoke too fast for me to (be able to) take notes.

The subject is too difficult for us to go into (it) now.Better: It is too difficult a subjet for us to go into now.

Helen is too outspoken for most people to like her.

page 109 – exercise 18 (d-f)

He was old enough to be her father.

She was honest enough not to try to deny all responsibility for the accident.

Would you be kind enough to book a room for me?

INVERSIONS: locative and negative

THEORY AND PRACTICE

LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to:◦ Adverbials of place◦ Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND

LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the subject, which is the most important part of the sentence.

ADVERBIAL +VERB +SUBJECTHere comes the taxiIn the town square stands the market hallUp went the prices

LOCATIVE INVERSION

To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion:

She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage.→ At no time did she mention her earlier marriage.

He hasn’t once offered to help.→ Not once has he offered to help.

NEGATIVE INVERSION

SCARCELY & HARDLY vs. NO SOONERScarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST

Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in.Scarcely had I passed from them, when I found her whom my soul

loveth.

No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST

No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again.No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.

NEGATIVE INVERSION 2 special cases

PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (a-d)

Never have I met such a man.

On no account should you sign the document.

Only later did I realize what happened.

Seldom does she invite us to her place.

PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (e-h)

So terrified was I that I tried to hide under my umbrella.

Bang went the starter’s gun and off went the runners at a good pace.

No other person would I give this to.

Well do I remember Plunger’s look when Ken passed him ten…

PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (i-l)

So old was the document that we didn’t dare to touch it.

Only in the country can one get really fresh vegetables.

Along the road came Jim.

On a hill outside the town stands the castle.

PAGE 110 – exercise 20 (a-d)

do I come home in the evening, than I switch on the TV.

did Jane give him the use of her flat, but she lent him…

did we know what she was planning at that time.

had I paid for the gadget, when I regretted spending so…

PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (e-h)

had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.

had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.

did she say.

in a thousand years would I go there.

PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (f-h)

had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.

had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.

did she say.

in a thousand years would I go there.

PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (i-l)

until he apologizes will I go.

hangs a plastic chandelier.

had he lain down, than he heard a strange noise.

had I gone to bed, when the phone started ringing.

PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (m-n)

he reached the front door, did he discover that he had lost…

would I doubt his integrity.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

TYPES OF COMPARISON

Comparison of equivalence

Comparison of non-equivalence

to a higher degree

to a lower degree

comparison of

sufficiencycomparison of excess

COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:semantic analysis

Comparative – for comparison between 2 persons, items etc.Superlative – for comparison between more than 2 persons, items, etc.Basis of comparison – either overt or implied

Ana is cleverer/more clever than Jane (is).John is the politest of the students.

Adjective Phrase with complementation:◦ AP=A+PP John is as tall as Peter.◦ AP=A+clause John is as tall as Peter is.

Adverb Phrase with complementation:◦ AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better than Joe.◦ AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better than he ever will.

Noun Phrases with complementation:◦ NP=Q+N+PP I have more friends than Bill.◦ NP=Q+N+clI have more friends than Bill does.

Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for expressing comparison:

I love you AdvP [more than you think].He is not AP [as clever as she is].She has NP [more friends than you can imagine].

STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON

page 109 – exercise 17 (a-c)

APComparison of equivalence – to the same extentStructure: AP = A + Clause

AdvPComparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree

Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP

NP

Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree

Structure: NP=Q+N+PP

page 109 – exercise 17 (d-f)

AdvP

Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degreeStructure: AdvP = Adv + Clause

AP

Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of sufficiency

Structure: AP = A + Adv + Clause

NP

Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess

Structure: NP = discontinuous AP + Det + Ndicontinuous AP = Adv + A + Clause

page 109 – exercise 17 (g-i)

AdvP

Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excessStructure: AdvP = Adv + Adv + Clause

AdvP

Comparison of equivalence NOTE: negated comparison of equiv.Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP

NP

Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree

Structure: Q + N + Clause

Now, let’s really…

…finish off ADVs and As!

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)

SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS

INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART

OF OTHER PHRASES)

ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.

MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims

COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside

INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS

ADVERBIALS

INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily NON-LINKING:Provide speaker’s comment

PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Primarily LINKING:connect sentences

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

ADJUNCTS

PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)

DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP

/ADJUNCTCONJUNCT

Modifier of NPModifier of PP

Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCTModifier of AP

Modifier of APModifier of NP

PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)

Modifier of PPDISJUNCT

Modifier of AP

Modifier of APModifier of NP (such [lovely weather]) OR Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)

ADJUNCT /

Modifier of NP

Modifier of AP

THE ENDActually, to be continued…