Post on 15-Apr-2017
Prof. Mohamed Rami MahmoudNational Water Research Center, Cairo Egyptrami@mwri.gov.eg, Oct 2015www.m-rami.org
Before liberalization of cropping pattern, early 1980s: Water delivered based on mandatory
cropping patterns and calendars determined by the MALR.
After liberalization of cropping pattern, early 1980s: Uncertainty of actual irrigation water
demands. Cases of significant “mismatch” have occurred (under- or over-estimating crop water demands)
System constraints, such as canal capacity, system storage capacity, and lag time between water releases from HAD to the farm.
Giza Canal
Leithi P.S
Koraimat P.S
Beni Saleh P.S
Sannour P.S
Blad Elarab P.S
Deir Elmaimoun
Sharouna P.S
Sharouna Island P.S
Elsheikh Fadl P.S
Gabal Elteir P.S
Kordahi P.S
Sawad P.S
Deir Abou Hennes P.S
Tall Elamarna P.S
Ganal Canal P.S
Dairout Spillway
Dairout
Regulator
Hafez
Regulator
Se
eri C
ana
l
Wasta
Regulator
Beni Hedier
Weir
Ashmont
Regulator
Geneidi
Regulator
Sharahna
Regulator
Maghagha
Weir
Matay
Regulator
Menia
Regulator
Makousa Spillway
Maasara Spillway
Sharahna Spillway
Saaida Spillway
Massanda Drain
Qosheisha Drain
Elsheikh
Zeiad Drain
Etsa Drain
Badraman P.S
Elabeed
Regulator
Sakoula
Regulator
Mazoura
Regulator
Touna P.S
Deir Elsankouria P.S
Mazoura P.S
Sakoula P.S
Abou Elshekouk
Regulator
Lahoun
Regulator
Bahr Hassan
Wasef Canal
Bahr
Yousef
Canal
Delta Barrage
Damietta
Branch
Rosetta
Branch
Assuit Barrage
Spillway/Drain
Kabkab P.S
Menshaat
Eldahab P.S
Beni Mazar
P.S
Nile
Riv
er
Canal System
Main canal
Branch canal
Branch canal
Mesqa
Water Requirements are determined on biweekly basis
Releases from Aswan Dam to meet the requirements
Operation of Barrages/Storage upstream water levels for hydropower
generation and water storage
downstream water level for water requirements and navigation
Head difference on gates to sustain the flow and structure stability
Lag time Priorities of allocations Response to changes in weather/crop
calendar
In 2000, both MWRI & MALR established MISD program.
Collect real data on cropping pattern and calendar, and to deliver this information, on a biweekly basis, to the district irrigation engineers.
Information flow is still lacking and the accuracy is not on the required level.
Lack of Information Need for improved mechanism to
monitor the cropping pattern and calendar.
Need for water flow information to the districts.
Lack of water resources management system based on real time data Need to allocate water to different
agriculture area based on different crops and water irrigation physical constraints.
MenoufiaQaliobiaIsmailiaSharkiaDamiettaDakahliaKafrElsheikh
GharbiaBeheiraAlexdate
4%1%18%14%16%23%0%2%1%2%15-Nov-10
9%11%20%33%41%27%4%11%6%24%22-Nov-10
20%29%66%59%87%49%45%21%34%70%29-Nov-10
33%29%89%59%87%73%70%48%42%85%06-Dec-10
71%78%93%92%101%76%86%64%76%91%13-Dec-10
82%79%104%92%101%76%92%79%88%94%20-Dec-10
85%79%109%92%101%93%95%83%92%95%28-Dec-10
87%84%109%101%101%93%100%89%95%95%03-Jan-11
92%84%115%101%101%93%100%90%96%95%10-Jan-10
92%90%115%101%101%93%100%97%97%95%17-Jan-10
% means planted area of the total targeted area
Wheat agriculture area in 2013, 2,000,000 faddan in delta. About 5,000 m3/feddan , 7 times, first
after 21 days.
Cultivation starts from Nov 15 to 30 and harvesting begins in early May.
Lag time (~40 days) between last irrigation and harvesting MWRI keeps delivering water even after
the wheat final irrigation. Estimated water losses is about 300 million m3/year.
Determining the Wheat agriculture area and growth using Remote Sensing technology.
Monitoring water level/discharge in irrigation canals using low cost telemetry system.
Optimizing water resources available using simulation/optimization models
Landsat 8 Launching February 11, 2013
Multispectral with resolution 15m for panchromatic, 30m for multi-spectral spatial resolutions.
Swath width = 185 km
Revisit = 16 day (10:00 AM)
Area Covered (World), data is released for free
Availability low cost communication system
Cost effective Online Monitoring Solutions (Include SMS Text and Email Alerts) through cheap shared bundle from Mobile service provider
Made in Egypt data logger (target price EGP 1800).
Add to the TELEMETRY system at MWRI, Low cost field measurement.
LANDSAT8 imagery with the high temporal (daily) MODIS imagery fusion.
Ground truth points on different fields on different dates
pilot area Menyoufiya governorate
GPRS/3G communication will reduce the per-unit communication operating cost compared to dial up systems
Low power consumption which can run for years with very cheap battery (40AH) and very small solar cell (20W) with almost minimal operation costs.
Proper selection of the five locations will minimize big size network which makes it possible to track and predict the water information through the system using fewer sensors
Made in Egypt Data Logger
Calculates water demand, supply, runoff, infiltration, crop requirements, flows, and storage, and pollution generation, treatment, discharge and instream water quality under varying hydrologic and policy scenarios.
The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming and optimization. GAMS is tailored for complex, large scale modeling applications, and allows you to build large maintainable models that can be adapted quickly to new situations.
Egypt Agricultural Model
This model was used to analyze the current and future demandsfor irrigation water and to formulate investment programsin the water sector of Egypt.
Western Delta Region
1990
2000
1990 2005
West Delta (Egypt)
District2010-2013
Feddan))
Zagazig2,020
Ibrahimiya272
Deyarb Nejm1,046
Menia Elkamh1,047
Mashtool
Elsouq
303
Source: Qiaozhen Mu, University of Montana
SEBAL – Bastiaanssen, WaterWatch Used world-wide
Applications: ET and crop productivity
METRIC Univ. Idaho / Idaho Dept. Water Resources
Univ. Nebraska / DNR
New Mexico Tech.
Montana DNRC
Nevada DRI / NOSE
Colorado NCWCD / Riverside Tech.
World Bank - Morocco
Source: Rick Allen, University of Idaho
Vegetation Surface
Shortwave
Radiation
Longwave
Radiation
RSaRS
(Incident
shortwave)
(Reflected shortwave)
RL
(Incident
longwave)
(1-eo)RL
RL
(emitted
longwave)
(reflected
longwave)
Net Surface Radiation = Gains – Losses
Rn = (1-a)RS + RL - RL - (1-eo)RL
Sill
),( ji ss ),( ji ss
RangeMajorRange
MinorRange
Angle Direction
Mahmoud, M.R., and Fredericks, J. W., September 2007, "Using Satellite Imagery for Irrigation Scheduling.", Proceeding of the 58th ICID International Executive Council Meeting and the USCID Fourth International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, ICID, Sacramento, California, U.S.A., September 30 to 6th October, 2007.
Mahmoud, M.R., and Fredericks, J. W., September 2005, "Low Cost Information Technology for Integrated Water Management Districts.", Proceeding of the 19th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), ICID, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, September 10-18, 2005.
Ali, H. M., and Mahmoud, M.R., April 2004, “Management of Egypt Crop Pattern According to Reservoir Water Volume”, Proceeding of Second Regional Conference on Arab Water 2004: Action Plans for Integrated Development, National Water Research Center, April 13-15, 2004, Cairo, Egypt.
Mahmoud, M.R., and Amer, K. M., August 1998, “Evaluation And Planning Simulation Model For Water Management Of Northwest Egypt”, Journal of Engineering & Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp. 467-480.
Ali, H. M., and Mahmoud, M.R., March 1999, "Determining Optimal Allocation And Crop Pattern In Egypt By the Use Of Linear Programming ", Proceedings of the Seventh Nile 2002 International Conference of Comprehensive Water Resources Development of the Nile Basin: The Vision for the Next Century, National Water Research Center, pp. EGY7.1–EGY7.11, March 15-19, 1999, Cairo, Egypt.
1. An accurate information system for wheat agriculture area and stage.
2. A more reliable monitoring system for water distribution.
3. Mathematical model providing water at the appropriate time with the right quantities according to the actual irrigation needs
Achieve equity of water allocation among different regions and users.
Reduce water shortage conflicts among farmers and consequently increase the agricultural production.
Prof. Mohamed Rami