E3T Energy

Efficiency

Emerging Technologies

Advanced Heat Pump Water Heater Research

Emerging Technologies Showcase January 8, 2014

Welcome. Today’s webinar is being recorded and will be posted at:

• www.E3Tnw.org

• www.ConduitNW.org

Ken Eklund, Building Science & Standards Team Lead

WSU Energy Program

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Showcase Highlights

• Current Research Project Description • Technology Overview • Laboratory Tests and Results • Field Installation and Research Plan • Project Timeline • Existing Projects • Contacts • Q&A

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Pacific Northwest CO2 HPWH Research

• Lab test of Sanden French manufactured unitary 40 gallon HPWH (sponsored by NEEA)

• Lab test of Sanden Australian manufactured split 84 gallon HPWH (sponsored by BPA)

• Field test of 84 gallon split begun with Tacoma Power on October 14th (sponsored by BPA). Field tests in Montana, Portland and Spokane scheduled

• Demand Response assessment of Sanden unitary and split systems currently underway (sponsored by BPA)

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Research Led by WSU Energy Program (TIP 292)

Ken Eklund, Principal Investigator

David Hales, Field Monitoring Installation

Laboratory Test

Ben Larson, Ecotope, Test Manager and Analyst

Kumar Banerjee, Cascade Engineering, Lab Test Director

Field Installation

Mark Jerome, CLEAResult (formerly Fluid MS), System Installation Coordinator

Funding Provided by BPA

Kacie Bedney, Project Manager

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BPA Project Team

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• CO2 refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heater manufactured by Sanden International

• Lab test to DOE and Northern Climate Specification

• Field test in partnership with:

Avista Heating Zone 2

Energy Trust of Oregon Heating Zone 1

Ravalli Electric Coop Heating Zone 3

Tacoma Power Heating Zone 1

– One install in each territory. 12-18 month monitoring.

• NEEA is also a contributing partner

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Project Overview

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CO2 Refrigerant

Carbon dioxide operates as a refrigerant when in a supercritical state between gas and liquid.

Advantages:

• Operates effectively across a wide temperature range

• Has a Global Warming Potential of 1 compared to 1,000 to 2,000 for HFCs

Disadvantages:

• Operates at 1,400 PSI, which is much higher than HFC systems

• Is more expensive than HFC systems

• Is not yet commercially available in most U.S. applications

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Comparison with other HPWH

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The CO2 technology presented today is different from currently available HPWH:

• It has a split system instead of unitary tank and compressor

• It takes heat from the outside air instead of conditioned space or a buffer zone

• It is more efficient than the HFC unitary systems

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Lab Testing Performed at

Cascade Engineering, Redmond, WA

Analysis and Slides Prepared by

Ben Larson, Ecotope Inc.

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Sanden Split-System CO2 HPWH Lab Findings

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Outdoor unit in the controlled test chamber. The fluid lines connecting this to the tank are filled with potable water.

Indoor tank instrumented in laboratory

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Laboratory

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Equipment currently built and sold in Australia

• Outdoor Unit Model: GAU-A45HPA

• Power Input: 240V, 15 A circuit

• Tank Model: GAU-315EQTA

• Storage Capacity: 315L (83.2 gallons)

• Tank Set Point: 65°C (149°F) – not adjustable

Outdoor unit has a variable frequency drive compressor and fan.

Water is heated at the outdoor unit. A pump circulates water from the bottom of the tank, to the outdoor unit heat exchanger, heating the water in one pass, and re-injecting the hot water near the top of the tank.

No resistance heating element

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Quick Specifications

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Custom Temperature Probe

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COP Test

TC6 TC5 TC4 TC3 TC2 TC1

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1-Hour Test

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24-Hour Simulated Test

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Performance vs. Temperature

• Linear fit of EF to temperature

• Use TMY temperature bins to calculate an annual EF:

y = 0.0331x + 1.1958

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ene

rgy

Fact

or

Outside Temperature (F)

Performance vs. Outside Temperature

Climate Annual EF

Boise 2.9

Kalispell 2.6

Portland 3.0

Seattle 2.9

Spokane 2.8

Outside Air Temperature (F)

Energy Factor (EF)

COP Output Capacity

(kW) Input Power

(kW) 17 1.74 2.1 4.0 1.9

35 2.21 2.75 3.6 1.3

50 3.11 3.7 4.0 1.1

67 3.35 4.2 4.1 0.97

95 4.3 5.0 4.6 0.93

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Shower Test

• Provides 7.5 showers of 8 min. at 120°F before outlet temperature drops.

• We reduce hot water flow to compensate for higher stored temperature. This assumes a tempering valve will be used. Has the effect of increasing storage capacity and # showers delivered.

Outlet drops below useful temperature

1

2

3 4 5

6 7

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Tank UA: 4 Btu/hr-F • Comparable to other 80 gallon HPWH tanks

Compressor Cutoff: Sanden reports operation at -4°F • WSU has field results to -14 F

Calculated Northern Climate Specification EF: 3.2 • NC Spec requires EF>2.4 for Tier 3

First Hour Rating Test: 97.8 gallons

Number of Efficient Showers: 7.5

Tank Storage Volume: 83.2 gallons

Sound Level: 48 dBA at 3ft away, 2ft high • Current integrated HPWHs typically range 55-65 dBA

• NC Spec requires dBA < 55

Lab Test Outputs & Summary Data

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Tacoma Installation

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Research Questions • How do these systems perform through the range of

temperature and humidity conditions at the test site locations?

• What are the energy savings compared to the energy use with electric resistance water heaters used at the test sites during the previous two or more years?

• What are the operational profiles of these systems? How are these profiles impacted by site and use specifics?

• How do the home occupants respond to these systems?

Field Test Plan

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Lab Test Results Reviewed (September 2013)

Installation Data Collected: October - March

Mid-Term Report (April 2014)

Installation Data Collection: April-July

Draft Report (August 2014)

Final Field Study Report (May 2015)

Provisional UES Measure to RTF (late 2014/early 2015)

SG2

SG3

SG4

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Project Timeline

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TIP 262 PNNL:

Demonstration of 2nd generation prototype ducted GE “Brillion” hybrid

in the Lab Homes

• Performance with ducted exhaust

• Performance with ducted supply & exhaust

• Demand response characteristics

TIP 263 EPRI:

Development of next-generation HPWH

• Modeling

• Prototyping

• Laboratory testing

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Current BPA HPWH Research

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TIP 302 WSU:

Assessment of Demand Response Potential of HPWH – Sanden CO2 split and unitary systems

• Lab and field testing

Website for more information on TI projects:

http://www.bpa.gov/Doing%20Business/TechnologyInnovation/Pages/Technology-Innovation-Projects.aspx

Current BPA HPWH Research

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Kacie Bedney, PE

Project Manager (COTR)

Bonneville Power Administration

503.230.4631

kcbedney@bpa.gov

Ken Eklund

Building Science & Standards Team Lead

WSU Energy Program

360.956.2019

eklundk@energy.wsu.edu

Contacts & Questions

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Next Webinars

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Wednesday, February 12, 2014 at noon PST

Topic TBD

Register at www.e3tnw.org/webinars

More information about emerging technologies:

E3T database: www.e3tnw.org

E3T Program: www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/

Conduit: www.ConduitNW.org

THE E3T TEAM WISHES YOU A HAPPY NEW YEAR!