Transcript of Advanced Biology Spring 2013 Cardiovascular System.
- Slide 1
- Advanced Biology Spring 2013 Cardiovascular System
- Slide 2
- Vocabulary Development Angio- vessel Ather- porridge Brady-
slow Diastol- dilation Edem- swelling Gram- something written Lun-
moon Myo- muscle Papill- nipple Phleb- vein Scler- hard Syn-
together Systol- contraction Tachy- rapid
- Slide 3
- Introduction Cardiovascular system- all blood vessels,
capillaries, veins, arteries, & heart make up the
cardiovascular system Blood vessels form 2 circuits: Pulmonary
circuit- sends oxygen poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
& unload carbon dioxide Systemic circuit- sends oxygen rich
blood & nutrients to all body cells & removes wastes
- Slide 4
- Structure of the Heart Size & Location of the Heart Size
varies with body size (average adult: 14 cm long & 9 cm wide)
Inside the thorax Rests on the diaphragm
- Slide 5
- Structure of the Heart Coverings of the Heart Pericardium-
encloses the heart & the proximal ends of the large vessels
that are attached to it Fibrous pericardium- outer fibrous layer
that protects the double layered serous membrane Parietal
pericardium- inner lining of the fibrous pericardium Visceral
pericardium- inner most layer of the double membrane & directly
covers the heart muscle Pericardial cavity- space between the
parietal & visceral pericardia filled with fluid
- Slide 6
- Structure of the Heart Wall of the Heart 3 distinct layers:
Epicardium- outer layer Protects the heart by reducing friction
Serous membrane consists of connective tissue Includes capillaries
& nerve fibers Myocardium- middle layer Thick & consists
mostly of cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart
chambers Endocardium- inner layer Consists of epithelium &
underlying tissue Contains blood vessels & specialized cardiac
muscle fibers called Purkinje fibers Lines all chambers of the
heart & covers the structures that project into them
- Slide 7
- Structure of the Heart Heart Chambers & Valves Divided into
4 hollow chambers; 2 left & 2 right Atria- upper chambers Thin
walls Receive blood returning to the heart Auricles- small
projections of the atria that increase atrial volume slightly Right
& left atrias are separated by the interatrial septum
Ventricles- lower chambers Force blood out of the heart into
arteries Right & left ventricles are separated by the
interventricular septum Ventricles & atria on each side of the
heart are separated by atrioventricular orifice which is guarded by
an AV valve (atrioventricular valve)
- Slide 8
- Structure of the Heart Heart Chambers & Valves Right atrium
Receives blood from 2 large veins: superior vena cava &
inferior vena cava Both return blood low in oxygen from tissues
Coronary sinus- drains blood into the right atrium from the
myocardium of the heart Right atrium is separated from the right
ventricle by a tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
Allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle
but not in the other direction
- Slide 9
- Structure of the Heart Heart Chambers & Valves Right
Ventricle Thinner muscular wall than the left ventricle Pumps blood
short distance through the pulmonary trunk which divides into the
left & right pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs
Pulmonary valve is at the base of the trunk (pulmonary semilunar
valve) & prevents blood from flowing back in the right
ventricle from the pulmonary trunk
- Slide 10
- Structure of the Heart Heart Chambers & Valves Left atrium
Receives blood from 4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung) Blood
passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the
atrioventricular orifice through a mitral valve (bicuspid valve;
left atrioventricular valve) oPrevents blood from flowing back into
the left atrium from the left ventricle
- Slide 11
- Structure of the Heart Heart Chambers & Valves Left
Ventricle Contracts & sends blood through the aorta which
branches out and sends blood to all parts of the body Aortic valve
(aortic semilunar valve; tricuspid) oopens to allow blood to leave
the left ventricle but not to go back into the left ventricle
Mitral & tricuspid valves are also called atrioventricular
valves because they are between the atria and ventricles Pulmonary
& aortic valves are called semilunar valves because of the
half-moon shaped cusps
- Slide 12
- Path of Blood Through the Heart Blood from systemic circuits
Venae cavae & coronary sinus Right atrium Through tricuspid
valve Right ventricle Through pulmonary valve Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries Alveolar capillaries (lungs) Pulmonary veins
Left atrium Through mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Blood
to the systemic circuit
- Slide 13
- Blood Supply to the Heart Aorta Right coronary artery Posterior
interventricular artery Myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls
Marginal artery Myocardial capillaries in walls of right atrium
& right ventricle Left coronary arteryCircumflex artery
Myocardial capillaries in wall of left atrium & left ventricle
Anterior interventricular artery Myocardial capillaries in
ventricular walls Cardiac Veins Coronary sinus Right atrium
- Slide 14
- Heart Actions Actions are regulated so that Atria contract,
atrial systole, while the ventricles relax, ventricular diastole
Ventricles contract, ventricular systole, while the atria relax,
atrial diastole Both atria & ventricles relax for a brief
moment These actions make up a complete heartbeat and is called the
cardiac cycle
- Slide 15
- Heart Actions Cardiac Cycle Changes in pressure in the heart
chambers during a cardiac cycle cause valves to open & close
During ventricular diastole (atrial systole) the pressure
difference between atria & ventricles opens the AV valves
allowing the ventricles to fill During ventricular systole (atrial
diastole) the AV valves are closed, atria are relaxed and blood
flows back into the atria as the ventricles contract
- Slide 16
- Blood Vessels Form a closed circuit of tubes that carries blood
from the heart to the body cells and back Includes: Arteries
Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
- Slide 17
- Blood Vessels Arteries & arterioles conduct blood away from
the ventricles of the heart & lead to capillaries Arteries-
carry blood at high pressure Arterioles- arteries sub divide into
progressively thinner tubes & give rise to arterioles
Capillaries- smallest-diameter blood vessels, connect the smallest
arterioles & venules Venules & veins return blood from the
capillaries to the atria Venules- microscopic vessels that come
from capillaries and merge to form veins Veins- carry blood back to
the atria & follow pathways similar to the arteries
- Slide 18
- Paths of Circulation Pulmonary circuit- consists of vessels
that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systemic circuit- carries blood from the heart to all other parts
of the body and back again & include coronary circulation
- Slide 19
- Paths of Circulation Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary trunk of right
ventricle Pulmonary trunk is divided into the left & right
pulmonary arteries, which enter the right & left lungs Lobar
Branches 3 in right 2 in left Lobar branches divide into arterioles
Arterioles divide into networks of capillaries Alveolar capillaries
exchange gases between the blood & air Taking out carbon
dioxide and putting in oxygen
- Slide 20
- Paths of Circulation Pulmonary Circuit cont Pulmonary venules
Alveolar capillaries send oxygen rich blood here Pulmonary venules
join to form smalls veins Small veins join to form the 4 pulmonary
veins return blood to the left atrium 2 from each lung
- Slide 21
- Paths of Circulation Systemic Circuit Freshly oxygenated blood
moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle Left ventricle
contracts pushing blood into the aorta, which branches out and
sends oxygenated blood to all of the body tissues Left ventricle
contraction is also responsible for the force that returns blood to
the right atrium to start the pulmonary circuit
- Slide 22
- Arterial System Aorta Largest diameter artery in the body
Extends upward from the left ventricle & arches over the heart
to the left & descends just in front of and to the left of the
vertebral column several branches
- Slide 23
- Arterial System Principal Branches of the Aorta Ascending
aorta- part of the aorta that sends blood up; first part of the
aorta Aortic sinus- swelling in the aortic wall, behind each cusp
of the aortic valve Right & left coronary arteries begin here
Includes the arch of the aorta
- Slide 24
- Arterial System Arch of the Aorta 3 major branches of the
ascending aorta Brachiocephalic- supplies blood to the tissues of
the upper limb & head oDivides into: Right common carotid
artery- carries blood to the right side of the neck and head Right
subclavian artery- carries blood to the right arm Left Common
Carotid- carries blood to the left side of the neck Left Subclavian
Artery- carries blood to the left arm
- Slide 25
- Arterial System Descending Aorta Directly in front of the
vertebral column Thoracic aorta- part of the descending aorta above
the diaphragm Branches include: oBronchial artery- supplies blood
to the bronchi oPericardial artery- supplies blood to the
pericardium oEsophogeal artery- supplies blood to the esophagus
oMediastinal artery- supplies blood to the mediastinum (area above
the diaphragm surrounding the heart and lungs) oPosterior
intercostal artery- supplies blood to the thoracic wall Abdominal
aorta- part of the descending aorta that is below the diaphragm
Divides into several different arteries
- Slide 26
- Arterial System Branches of the Abdominal Aorta Celiac artery-
supplies organs of the upper digestive tract oSplits into gastric,
splenic, and hepatic arteries Phrenic artery- supplies the
diaphragm Superior mesenteric artery - supplies portions of the
small & large intestines Suprarenal artery- supplies the
adrenal glands Renal artery- supplies the kidney Gonadal artery-
supplies the ovaries or testes Inferior mesenteric artery- supplies
the lower portion of the large intestine Lumbar arteries- supply
the posterior abdominal wall Middle sacral artery- supplies the
sacrum & coccyx Common iliac artery- supplies the lower
abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limb
- Slide 27
- Arterial System Arteries to the Brain, Head, & Neck
Branches of the subclavian & common carotid arteries supply
blood to the structures of the head, brain, and neck Vertebral
arteries come from the subclavian arteries Basilar artery- runs
along the ventral brainstem & branches out leading to the pons,
midbrain, & cerebellum Posterior cerebral arteries- supplies
parts of the occipital & temporal lobes of the cerebrum
Thyrocervical arteries- branches and supplies blood to thyroid
gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophogus, &
pharynx Costcocervical arteries- supply blood to muscles in the
neck, back, & thoracic wall
- Slide 28
- Arterial System Arteries of the Head, Neck, & Brain cont
Common carotid arteries divide to form internal & external
carotid articles External Carotid Artery Upward on the side of the
head & branches out to structures in the neck, face, jaw,
scalp, & base of the skull Main vessels of the external carotid
artery Superior thyroid artery- hyoid bone, larynx, thyroid gland
Lingual artery- tongue, muscles of the tongue, salivary glands
beneath the tongue Facial artery- pharynx, palate, chin, lips, nose
Occipital artery- scalp on the back of the skull, the meninges,
mastoid process, muscles of the neck Posterior auricular artery-
ear & scalp over the ear Terminates by dividing into maxillary
& superficial temporal arteries
- Slide 29
- Arterial System Arteries of the Head, Neck, & Brain cont
Internal Carotid Artery Provides the major blood supply to the
brain Major branches: Ophthalmic artery- supplies the eyeball &
muscles & accessory organs associated with the orbit Posterior
communicating artery- forms part of the cerebral arterial circle
Anterior choroid artery- supplies the choroid plexus within the
lateral ventricle of the brain & to nerve structures of the
brain Terminates by dividing into the anterior & middle
cerebral arteries
- Slide 30
- Arterial System Arteries to the Shoulder & Upper Limb
Subclavian artery passes through the first rib and clavicle and
turns into the axillary artery Axillary artery- supplies branches
to structures in the axilla & chest wall, part of the mammary
gland, the upper end of the humerus, the shoulder joint, muscles in
the back, shoulder, & chest Turns into the brachial artery when
it leaves the axilla Brachial artery- along the humerus to the
elbow; supplies the triceps and other muscles in the upper arm
Branches at the elbow into the radial & ulnar arteries
- Slide 31
- Arterial System Arteries of the Shoulder & Upper Limb cont
Ulnar artery- travels down the ulnar side of the forearm to the
wrist; supply blood to the flexor and extensor muscles in the
forearm Radial artery- continuation of the brachial artery, travels
down the radial side of the forearm to the wrist; supplies the
lateral muscles of the forearm
- Slide 32
- Arterial System Arteries of the Thoracic & Abdominal Walls
Branches from the subclavian artery and the thoracic aorta feed the
thoracic & abdominal walls Internal thoracic artery- originates
in the base of the neck and passes downward behind the upper six
ribs Branches in to 2 anterior costal arteries at each rib Anterior
costal arteries- supply the intercostal muscles Posterior
intercostal arteries- branch from the thoracic aorta & supply
the intercostal muscles, the vertebrae, the spinal cord, & deep
muscles of the back
- Slide 33
- Arterial System Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limb Common
iliac arteries- branch from the abdominal aorta at the pelvic brim
& supply blood to the pelvic organs, gluteal regions, &
lower limbs Descend & divide into internal & external
branches Internal iliac artery branches include: Iliolumbar artery-
supplies the ilium & muscles of the back Superior &
inferior gluteal arteries- supplies the gluteal muscles, pelvic
muscles, & skin of the buttocks Internal pudendal artery-
supplies the alimentary canal, the external genitalia, & the
hip joint Superior & inferior vesicular arteries- supplies the
urinary bladder & in males also the supply the seminal vesicles
& prostate gland Middle rectal artery- supplies the rectum
Uterine artery- supplies the uterus & vagina
- Slide 34
- Arterial System Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limb cont
External iliac artery- provides the main blood supply to the lower
limb 2 large branches: inferior epigastric artery & deep
circumflex iliac artery Supply the muscles & skin in the lower
abdominal wall Femoral artery- has many branches Superficial
circumflex iliac artery- supplies lymph nodes & skin of the
groin Superficial epigastric artery- supplies the skin of the lower
abdominal wall Deep femoral artery- supplies the hip joint &
muscles of the thigh; largest branch of the femoral artery Deep
genicular artery- supplies the distal ends of thigh muscles &
the anastomosis around the knee joint
- Slide 35
- Arterial System Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limb
Popliteal artery- supply blood to the knee joint & to certain
muscles in the thigh & calf Femoral artery becomes the
popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery- runs between the tibia
& fibula & supplies the skin & muscles in the anterior
& lateral regions of the leg Posterior tibial artery- beneath
the calf muscle & supplies the skin, muscles, & other
tissues of the lower leg Medial & lateral plantar
arteries-supply the instep, heel, & toes Fibular artery-
extends downward along the fibula