PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

Calma

Layer 2 LAN Technologies

Part II Ethernet

Connections

LAILANIE M. CALMAPRESENTED BY:

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Commonly referred to as ETHERNET CARD and   LAN ADAPTER

Provides the physical connection from a computer or network component to a wired or wireless layer 2 LAN media.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

NIC Components

Interrupt Request Line (IRQ) Input/Output (I/O) address in memory A driver(software that interfaces with the NIC) MAC address

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

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CABLING TYPES

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Cabling Types

LANs typically use either copper or fiber-optic cabling.

COPPER CABLING can include on strand of copper across

which an electrical voltage is transmitted or many strands of copper.

FIBER OPTIC CABLING uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and

lasers to transmit data.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

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COPPER CABLING

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

COPPER CABLING

The Ethernet standards define three types of copper cabling:

THICKNET

THINNET

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

THICKNET

also known as 10BASE5 or IEEE 802.3-1985 an Ethernet standard that requires a specialized coaxial cable to transmit Ethernet frames at a rate of 10Mbps. It derives its nickname, which is a portmanteau of "Thick Ethernet," from the thick coaxial cable it uses, which is 0.375 inches in diameter

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

THINNET

also known as 10BASE2, IEEE 802.3, or "CheaperNet," an early Ethernet standard that makes use of industry-standard RG-58 coaxial communications cables connected to BNC T-connectors. The standard has been nicknamed as such due to the thin and relatively inexpensive coaxial cables or "thinwire" used, which are 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter; "ThinNet" is a portmanteau of "Thin Ethernet."

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

UnshieldedTwisted (why?) pairs of insulated conductorsCovered by insulating sheath

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

UTP cable is a 100 ohm copper cable that consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

They have no metallic shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but unprotected against electrical interference. The twist helps to improve its immunity to electrical noise and EMI.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

DISADVANTAGES OF COPPER CABLING

It is susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI)Distances of the cable are limited to a short haul

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

UTP CATEGORIES

Category 1 Voice only (Telephone)

Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Localtalk)

Category 3 Data to 10Mbps (Ethernet)

Category 4 Data to 20Mbps (Token ring)

Category 5Category 5e

Data to 100Mbps (Fast Ethernet)Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

Category 6 Data to 2500Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

RJ-45 CONNECTOR

The two endpoints of a UTP cable have an RJ-45 connector.Similar to a telephone connector (RJ-11), except that the RJ-45 is about 50% larger in size.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

UTP PINOUT COLORS

Color Pin (T568B)

White/Orange 1

Orange 2

White/Green 3

Blue 4

White/Blue 5

Green 6

White/Brown 7

Brown 8

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

STRAIGHT-THROUGH

All order of the wirings is the same as the other side.

1→81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma04/13/2023

STRAIGHT-THROUGH

Host A Host B

Pin Usage Color Color Usage Pin

1 Tx+ Tx+ 1

2 Tx- Tx- 2

3 Rx+ Rx+ 3

4 -- -- 4

5 -- -- 5

6 Rx- Rx- 6

7 -- -- 7

8 -- -- 8

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

WHEN TO USED A STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE?

PC/SERVER

SWITCH

ROUTER

HUB

STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

CROSS OVER

We need to change the order of the transmission and receiving wirings.

1→81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma04/13/2023

CROSSOVER

Host A Host B

Pin Usage Color Color Usage Pin

1 Tx+ Tx+ 1

2 Tx- Tx- 2

3 Rx+ Rx+ 3

4 -- -- 4

5 -- -- 5

6 Rx- Rx- 6

7 -- -- 7

8 -- -- 8

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

WHEN TO USED A CROSSOVER CABLE?

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

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FIBER OPTIC CABLING

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Fiber-Optic

Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Fiber-Optic PartsCore - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travelsCladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the coreBuffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moistureHundreds or thousands of these optical fibers are arranged in bundles in optical cables. The bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Fiber-Optic Cabling

Used to provide very high speeds and to span connections across very large distances.Advantage: Great with 100Gbps and distances

greater than 10kilometers

Disadvantage: Expensive to implement, difficult to

troubleshoot and difficult to install

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Two Types of Fiber

Multimode (MMF)

Singlemode (SMF)

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Multimode Fiber

Transmits 850 to 1300 nanometer wavelengths of lightFiber thickness is 62.5/125 micronsThe core and cladding diameter is in the 50 to 100 micronLight is transmitted using LED

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Singlemode Fiber

Transmits 1300 to 1550 nm light and uses a laser as the light source.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

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ETHERNET MEDIA TYPES

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

Cable Type Comparisons

Cable Distance Data Rates Comparison

UTP 100 meters 10 Mbps – 1 Gbps Easy to install but is susceptible to interference

Coaxial 500 meters 10 – 100 Mpbs Easy to install but its difficult to troubleshoot

Fiber 10 kilometers 10 Mbps – 100 Gpbs Difficult and expensive to install, difficult to troubleshoot, but can span very long distances and is not susceptible to interference.

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

10Mb Ethernet Properties

Ethernet Type Distance Limitation Cable Type Interface Type

Physical Topology

Logoical Topology

10Base5 500 meters Thicknet AUI BUS BUS

10Base2 185 meters Thinnet BNC BUS BUS

10BaseT 100 meters UTP RJ45 STAR (HUB) BUS

100BaseTX 100 meters UTP CAT 5 Rj45 STAR (HUB) BUS

100BASEFX 400 meters halfduplex2000 meter full duplex

MMF 62.5/125 micron with SC and ST connectors

Rj45 STAR (HUB) BUS

100BaseT4 100 meters UTP CAT 3, 4,5 Rj45 STAR (HUB) BUS

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie Calma

1 Gbps Ethernet Properties

Ethernet Type Distance Limitation Cable Type

1000BaseCX 25 meters Shielded twisted pair (STP) copper

1000BaseLX 3 – 10 kilometers SMF

1000BaseSX 275 meters MMF

1000BaseT 100 meters CAT 5E and CAT 6 UTP (RJ45)

1000BaseZX 100 meters SMF

PART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie CalmaPART II- Ethernet Connections by Lailanie

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THANK YOU!