Post on 17-Feb-2019
ADULTERATION OF BEE PRODUCTS: CURRENT SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES 5th Apiquality Roma 22 November 2016 Etienne BRUNEAU
Definitions
¤ The official definition of a product provides an essential framework for commercial transactions
¤ Bring acceptable limits to give a name to a product ¤ Today, only the honey has an international definition. ¤ Notes:
n Product definition should correspond to consumer expectations: in this case, pure and natural products.
n The composition must take into account natural and geographical diversity.
Honey
¨ Honey is the natural sweet substance produced by bees of the species Apis mellifera from ¤ the nectar of plants or ¤ secretions of living parts of plants or excretions thereon
sucking insects
¨ Any external input or withdrawal is prohibited (ultrafiltration in specific cases)…
Honey production
y = 31675x + 356886
y = 1022x + 73794
-
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
EXPORTATIONS DE MIEL (Tonnes)
NOMBRE DE RUCHES (X 1,000)
8%
61%
Asian honey production
y = 22016x + 64631
y = 590,46x + 26673
-
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
EXPORTATIONS (Tonnes)
NOMBRE DE RUCHES (X 1,000)
13%
196%
Honey exports
y = 26612x + 316437 R² = 0,99649
y = 25922x + 110297 R² = 0,96062
y = 689,8x + 206140 R² = 0,03094
-
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
TON
NES
EXPORTATIONS GLOBALES NETTES EXP. NETTES 9 PAYS DE L'EST EXP. NETTES RESTE DU MONDE
Evolution of the price of honey
-
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
DO
LLA
RS
PAR
TO
NN
E
MOYENNE 6 PAYS D'AMÉRIQUE MOYENNE 5 PAYS DE L'EST CHINE
Controls: goals
¨ The aim is to check: ¤ The correspondence of the product to its name based
on its definition ¤ Compliance with hygiene standards in the country that
performs controls (drug residues, pathogens ...) ¤ Compliance with other laws (GMOs ...) ¤ Verification of compliance with quality criteria
announced in case of a controlled quality labeling
Controls: Application
¤ They are mainly made in the health context (single control plan imposed in the EU)
¤ research problems of adulteration n Methods changing function and laboratories n No legal framework determining the limits of an adulterated
product n No standardized analytical framework with validated
techniques n No notification system and / or alert except for prohibited
substances (hygiene)
NMR method
¨ High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ¤ Detects the addition of non permited sugars in honey ¤ Determines the origin of honey (geographical and
botanical). ¤ Provides a comprehensive profile of honeys including
eg. aromas, sugars, amino and organic acids.
¨ This method requires a reference collection of 4,000 honey to avoid false positives.
Adulterated honey
¨ Adulterated honey on the international market = 9.8% honeys analyzed in 2012, 11.8% in 2013 ...
¨ Mislabelling = ¤ Botanical origin ¤ Provenance ¤ Addition of foreign sugars
n Voluntary or not
¨ Sometimes very difficult to detect (expensive)
Adulterated honey
¨ Adulteration: detection methods ¤ Composition: sugar: C3 (corn, cane), C4 (beet, rice ...) -
d13 C-IRMS, LC-IRMS, NMR ¤ Enzymes: invertase or artificial amylase - Photometric, ¤ Color: addition of caramel coloring ¤ ...
¨ The techniques must be adapted frequently (6 months)
Adulterated honey
¨ Wide coordinated control plan at EU level ¤ Objectives: to establish the prevalence
on the EU market: n Mislabelling honey related to
its geographical and / or botanical origin n "Honey" containing exogenous sugars or sugar products.
¤ 2200 samples in EU+ CH, NW.
¨ Inspection of honey by the JRC, and analyzes
Coordinated control plane to suit les the prevalence of fraudulent practices in the marketing of honey
Preliminary results
Beeswax.
¨ Defined only in certain countries (Polish standard PN-72 / R-78890, 1996)
¨ Considered a food additive at an international level : ¤ E901 ¤ number EINECS 232-383-7)
¨ Question N° EFSA-Q-2006-021 ¤ Yellow bees wax Chemical Abstracts Service (No.
8012-89-3) wax obtained from the overhaul of frames of bees by hot water by removing the exogenous material there.
¤ Wax white bees (CAS No. 8006-40-4) wax obtained by bleaching yellow wax.
Beeswax.
37%
17%
13%
7%
6%
5%
4% 4%
7%
Southern Asia
Eastern Africa
South America
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Middle Africa
Southern Europe
Central America
Autres
Controls waxes
¨ The quality of the wax is related to its purity. ¤ Residues study of 60 samples
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351630892X n derivatives of amitraz of 5 micrograms to 464 µg kg-1 n organophosphorus insecticides of 1 to 464 µg kg-1 n miticides> 9 µg kg-1 n fungicides 1 to 23 µg kg-1 n herbicides 1 to 5.9 µg kg-1
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967306013070
Controls waxes
¨ The quality of the wax is related to its purity. ¤ Type of lipid ¤ Significant percentage
adulterations n > 30 foreign substances n Adding paraffin
systematic!
¤ IR on 45 samples: n 60% contaminated n max 30% of paraffin
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967306013070
Problem waxes 2016
¨ Problems revealed by the Belgian, Dutch, German and French beekeepers: ¤ Brood mosaic ¤ Difficulty of construction ...
¨ On line questionnaires for beekeepers ¨ Replies sent to the authorities ¨ Ongoing analyzes: chemical residues, waxes
composition, wetting products ...
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Explanations?
¨ Use of waxes batches intended for the production of candles
¨ Wax foundations import from China contaminated with illegal substances
¨ Poisoning caused by the presence of toxic in waxes or on surface: ¤ Building insecticide treatment (piperonyl butoxide ...) ¤ Wetting used during production of foundations ...
¨ Presence of artificial waxes with too low melting point ¨ Others?
Other bee products
¨ Royal jelly ¤ It’s possible to find on the market product who contain
10HDA who is not real royal jelly
¨ Pollen ¤ In some countries it’s possible to find artificial pollen
¨ Propolis ¤ This product can be adulterated by the adding of
vegetal resins. Techniques exist allowing the detection of certain frauds.