Post on 15-Feb-2016
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ADOLESCENCE: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Ages 11 to 18What is the effect of social relationships on adolescents?
HOW DO ADOLESCENTS DEVELOP AN IDENTITY?
Erikson Identity vs. role confusion
“Who am I”
WHAT ARE PROBLEMS DEVELOPING AN IDENTITY?
Identity diffusion Don’t know, don’t care Few commitments to goals or values Apathy
Foreclosure Premature identity formation Adopting parents’ or society’s roles and values
rather than exploring their own Moratorium
Postponing identity achievement decisions College may be one way
IN WHAT AREAS DO ADOLESCENTS DEVELOP AN IDENTITY? Religious identity
Often similar to parents Political identity– Often similar to parents
Vocational identity Sometimes similar to parents Adults often change vocations
Sexual (Gender) identity Accepting socially approved roles and behavior of their
gender Gender identity disorder
(Now called “Gender Dysphoria”) Does not identify with their biological sex
HOW DO ADOLESCENTS RELATE TO ADULTS?
Conflicts with parents Peaks in early adolescence More a sign of attachment rather than distance
Distant relationships ignore the other
Neglect Can be destructive for teenagers
(Even though they want to feel independent)
HOW CAN A FAMILY DEVELOP CLOSENESS? Four aspects of closeness
Communication Can both talk openly?
Support Do they rely on each other?
Connectedness Emotional closeness
Control How do parents exercise control?
Encourage or limit adolescent autonomy
HOW CAN A FAMILY DEVELOP CLOSENESS? (CONT.) Parental monitoring
Monitoring of peers, friends, websites Positive – When warm, supportive Negative - When overly restrictive and
controlling
DO YOU REMEMBER? According to Erikson, what is the main goal of
adolescence? What happens when identity is not yet
achieved? Give an example of each of the three
What can build closeness in a family? What is an example of parental monitoring?
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PEER PRESSURE? Conforming to friends in behavior, dress, and
attitudes
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF FRIENDS? Selection
Choosing friends with common values and interests E.g. Academics, music, athletics
Facilitation Friends encourage behavior similar to the peer
group Positive
Studying together, church, sports Destructive
Skipping school, drinking, drugs
HOW DO THEY LEARN ABOUT SEX? Peers
Strongly influence sexual behavior Only half U.S. adolescents discuss pregnancy or
STD’s before being sexually active Parents
Underestimate need for information Wait too long before talking about sex
School Preferred by most parents Sex education varies dramatically by nation Abstinence-only programs
No significant impact on sexual activity Does education change behavior?
Depends more on family, peers, and culture than classes
WHAT ABOUT SUICIDE? Suicidal ideas (Ideation)
Ideas are common – completed suicides are not Adolescents are less likely to kill themselves than
adults are Gender differences
More girls attempt suicide than boys Boys are 4 times as successful Methods
Males shoot themselves Females use pills and hanging
DO YOU REMEMBER? What is the effect of peer pressure? What are the concepts of peer selection and
peer facilitation? What most strongly influences adolescent
sexual behavior? Which sex is most apt to complete a suicide?
Why do you think that is?
WHAT ABOUT DRUG USE AND ABUSE? Age
Widespread ages 10-25 then decreases
Drug use before 18 = best predictor of later drug use
20% of adolescents never use drugs Gender
Boys use more drugs more often than girls “If I don’t smoke, I am not a man.”
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS? Tobacco
Slows down growth Damages heart, lungs, brains,
and reproductive systems Dad’s emphysema
Alcohol Heavy drinking may permanently
impair memory Damaged hippocampus
May impair self control Damaged prefrontal cortex
Denial of problems Problems get worse
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS? Marijuana People who regularly smoke marijuana are
more likely to: Drop out of school Become teenage parents Be unemployed
Affects: Memory Motivation
HOW CAN WE PREVENT DRUG ABUSE? Focus on friends and peers
First use is social Delay first use
Younger when starting = more likely addiction Massive ad campaigns
E.g. Smoking Generational forgetting
Each generation forgets what previous generations learned
Drug users tend to be more emotional & less reflective Interference with prefrontal cortex
DO DRUG SCARE TACTICS WORK? May increase drug use
Drugs seem exciting Adolescents recognize exaggeration Show a way to show defiance
DO YOU REMEMBER? What ages is drug use most common? What are the effects of tobacco, alcohol, and
marijuana? What are useful strategies for preventing
drug use? What about scare tactics?