Adjective Clauses

Chapter 13 - Grammar

adjective clause• An adjective clause is a dependent clause that

modifies a noun. It is possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing an adjective clause:

Example:1. The children are going to the beach.2. They are on the bus. The children who are on the bus are going to the beach. | adjective clause |

Adjectives vs. Adjective Clause

Adjectives: Example: The tall man played basketball. • Describes a noun (before a noun)• Usually one word

Adjective Clause: • Describes a noun (after a noun)• Subject & verb

The woman is my friend. She has a blue car. The woman that has a blue car is my friend.

Subject:

who= used for peoplewhich= used for thingsthat= used for both people and things

An adjective clause closely follows the noun it modifies:

Example: The book is mine. It is on the table. The book that is on the table is mine.The book which is on the table is mine.

Ex. 2, p. 271

2. B, C 3. A, B4. B, C

Homework - Ex. 32. The girl who/that won the race is happy.3. The student who/that sits next to me is from China.4. The students who/that sit in the front row are from China.5. We are studying sentences that/which contain adjective clauses.6. I am using a sentence that/which contains an adjective clause.

Ex. 4, p. 271

1. People who run marathons amaze me. 2. I don’t like people who are mean. 3. Friends who are always late frustrate me. 4. Famous athletes who take drugs are not

good role models for children.

Object:

who(m)= used for peoplewhich = used for thingsthat= used for both people and things 0 = object pronoun can be deleted

Example:The movie wasn’t good. We saw it last night. The movie (that/0) we saw last night wasn’t good.

Ex. 7, p. 273

2. B, C, F3. A, B, E, F4. B, C, F5. A, B, E, F

Ex. 8, p. 273

2. I liked the woman 0 I met at the party last night.3. I liked the essay that you wrote. 4. The people who/that/whom/0 we visited yesterday were very nice. 5. The man who/that/whom/0 Ann brought to the party is standing over there.

Object of Prepositionwho= used for peoplethat= used for both people and things 0 = can be deleted• Very Formal – preposition comes at the beginning

(about) whom= used for people(to) which = used for things

Example: The music was good. We listened to it.The music to which we listened was good. (formal)The music which we listened to was good. The music that we listened to was good. The music we listened to was good.

Ex. 10, 274

1. A, B, C2. A, B, D, F

Exercise 12

2. Did I tell you about the woman who(m)/that/---- I met last night?3. The report which/that/---- Joe is writing must be finished by Friday.4. The doctor who/that examined the sick child was gentle.5. Did you hear about the earthquake that/which occurred in D.C?6. The woman that/who(m)/--- I was dancing with stepped on my toes.

Homework - Exercise 13

2. I returned the money which/that/--- I had borrowed from my roommate. 3. Yesterday I ran into a friend who/whom/that/--- I hadn’t seen for years.4. Marie lectured on a topic which/that/--- she knew very little about. Marie lectured on a topic about which she knew very little. 5. I read about a man who/that keeps chickens in his apartment.

Exercise 141. In our village, there were many people who/that didn’t have

much money. 2. I enjoyed the book that you told me to read. 3. I still remember the man who taught me…4. I showed my father a picture of the car --I am going to buy as

soon as I save enough money.5. The woman about whom I was talking suddenly walked into the

room. 6. The people who/that appear in the play are amateur actors. 7. I don’t like to spend time with people who/that lose their

temper easily. 8. who/that were9. People who/that work in the hunger program estimate that….10. In one corner of the marketplace, an old man was playing a

violin.

Possessive Adjective

whose= shows possession

Example: I know the man. His bike was stolen. I know the man whose bike was stolen.

The student writes well. I read her essay.The student whose essay I read writes well.

Compare

Modify possessive adjective:• I know the man. His car is black. (his, her, its, their) • I know the man whose car is black. Modify subject:• I know the man. He has a black car. • I know the man who/that has a black car.

whose = whoozwho's = whooz

Exercise 17, p. 2773. whose4. who5. who6. whose7. whose8. who

who: pronoun + verb whose: possessive adjective + noun

Exercise 18, p. 278

2. Mrs. North teaches a class for students whose native language is not English.3. The people whose house we visited were nice.4. I live in a dormitory whose residents come from many countries. 5. I have to call the man whose umbrella I accidentally picked up after the meeting. 6. The man whose beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette poured a glass…

Place

The house is very old. He lives there.

The house where he lives is very old. The house in which he lives is very old. The house which he lives in is very old. The house that he lives in is very old. The house he lives in is very old.

Place

The city is small. He lives there. The city where he lives is small.The city in which he lives is small.The city which he lives in is small.The city that he lives in is small.The city---- he lives in is small.

Ex. 24

1. The city ---we spent our vacation in was beautiful.2. That is the restaurant where I will meet you.3. The office which I work in is busy.4. That is the drawer that I keep my jewelry in.

Homework

1. The town where I grew up has changed. The town which I grew up in has changed. 2. The house where I lived isn’t there anymore. The house --- I lived in isn’t there anymore.3. The street where I lived is now a parking lot.The street on which I lived is now a parking lot.4. The park where I played is now a mall. The park in which I played is now a mall.

1. Saturday is the day on which I go to the movies with…

Saturday is the day that I go to the movies…Saturday is the day when I go to the movies…2. Sunday is the day on which I play tennis…Sunday is the day when I play tennis..Sunday is the day that I play tennis..

Adjective Clauses - Review

1. Subject: – who/that = people, which/that = things

2. Object: – who(m)/that/--- = people, which/that/--- = things

3. Object of Prep: – formal: prep + which/whom

4. Possessive: – whose

5. Place: – where + no prep– that/which/---- + prep

6. Time: – when/that/ --- + no prep– prep + which

1. My neighbor whose plants I water when she goes away is a teacher.

2. This is the summer holiday when she always travels.

3. She travels with her older sister who lives in LA. 4. This year they’re taking a trip in a car --she just

bought. 5. They’ve decided to go to Ohio where they both

grew up. 6. Their parents owned a farm which/that was

located outside Cincinnati. 7. They have lots of relatives who they haven’t

seen in years in Ohio.

9. The family is going to have a reunion which they have been planning all year. 10.They’ll be staying with their Aunt Sarah whose house is on the Ohio River. 11. They really need this vacation which they’ve been looking forward to all year. 14. They would like to stay until autumn when the leaves of the trees turn color. 15. Unfortunately, they have to be back by September 4 when school starts.

Time (year, day, time, etc.)

8:00 is the time. My class starts then. (at that time)

8:00 is the time when my class starts. 8:00 is the time at which my class starts. 8:00 is the time that my class starts. 8:00 is the time 0 my class starts.

Ex. 26

1. Monday is the day on which they will come.2. 7:05 is the time when my plane arrives.3. 1960 is the year that the revolution took place.4. July is the month ---the weather is usually the hottest .

Exercise 27, p. 281

3. A café is a small restaurant where people can get a light meal. 4. Every neighborhood in Brussels has small cafes where customers drink coffee and eat pastries. 5. There was a time when dinosaurs dominated the earth. 6. The house where I was born and grew up was destroyed in an earthquake 10 years ago. 7. The miser hid his money in a place where it was safe from robbers. 8. There came a time when the miser had to spend his money.

Exercise 28, p. 281

Punctuating Adjective Clauses p. 285Rules: 1. Do NOT use commas if the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun.2. Use commas if the adjective clause gives EXTRA information. The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent professor.

(adjective clause is necessary to identify which professor, so NO commas needed)

Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent teacher.

(commas are used because it isn't necessary to identify which professor here)

Compare the Meaning:

The children, who wanted to play soccer, went to the park.

All the children wanted to play soccer and all the children ran to an open field. The adjective clause is used only to give additional info about the children.

The children who wanted to play soccer went to the park.

Some of the children wanted to play soccer- use no comma. The adjective clause is used to identify which children ran to the open field.

Exercise 35, p. 286

Important – NC (No comma) Extra – C (comma)

3. C 4. NC5. NC6. C7. C8. NC 9. NC10. C

Exercise 38, p. 288 ALL = C SOME = NC

3. A4. B5. A - all (only one)6. B – some (more than one)

Exercise 40, p. 288-289

Whole Sentence

Using which to describe a whole sentence is informal and happens in spoken English.

Tom was late. That surprised me. That = the whole sentence.

Tom was late, which surprised me.

Exercise 46, p. 292

2. She usually came to work late, which upset her boss. 3. So her boss fired her, which made her angry. 4. She hadn’t saved any money, which was unfortunate. 5. So she had to borrow some money from, which I didn’t like. 6. She has found a new job, which is lucky. 7. So she has repaid the money she borrowed from me, which I appreciate. 8. She has promised herself to be one time to work every day, which is a good idea.

Adjective Phrases

Adjective phrase: • Describes a noun (after noun)• No subject and verb

Only adjective clauses that have subject pronoun- who/which/that can be reduced.

Adjective Phrases

Two ways to reduce:

1. Verb - BE: drop subject & beThe man who is talking to John is from Korea. The man talking to John is from Korea.

2. No Verb – BE: drop subject & add +ingEnglish has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.

Exercise 51, p. 295 – Adjective Phrases

2. The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 3. We have an apartment overlooking the park.4. The photographs published in the newspaper…5. The rules allowing public access…6. The psychologists studying the nature of sleep…7. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap containing 70% of the earth’s fresh water. 8. …. I met Jacob, his partner.9. Many of the students hoping to enter this university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of those applying for admission will be accepted. 10. Kuala, the capital of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.

Exercise 53, p. 295

2. Corn was one of the agricultural products which was introduced to the European settlers by Indians. Some of the other products that/which were introduced…3. Mercury, which is the nearest planet to the sun, is also the smallest of the planets that orbit our sun. 4. The pyramids, which are the monumental tombs….5. Any student that/who doesn’t want to go on the trip should inform the office. 6. Be sure to follow the instructions that/which are given at the top of the page.

Homework

1. Mike was accepted at the state university, which is surprising.

2. Mike didn’t do well in high school, which is unfortunate.

3. The university…., which is lucky for Mike. 4. The university…, which is a fine idea. 5. Mike might actually be a college graduate one

day, which would be a miracle!

Practice 21

2. The person in charge of this department is out to lunch. 3. The picture painted by Picasso is extremely valuable. 4.The professors doing research will not teach classes next year. 5. The students’ research projects in progress must be…6. The students’ research projects scheduled to begin in September will have…7. Toronto, the largest city in Canada, is not the capital. 8. … there are eight planets orbiting the sun. 9. Pluto, formerly known as a planet, was reclassified…10. Now there is a slang verb, to pluto, meaning “to devalue something…”

Ex. 15, p. 276

1. Yes, I am sitting in a chair that is comfortable. 2. Yes, I saw a man who was wearing a brown

suit.

Ex. 58, p. 299

1. Baseball is the only sport which I’m interest in. 2. My favorite teacher, Mr. Chu, was always willing to help

me after class. 3. It is important to be polite to people who live in the same

building. 4. My sister has two children, whose names are Ali and Talal. 5. He comes from Venezuela, which is a Spanish-speaking

country. 6. who are7. , which is 8. … expressing traditional beliefs.9.