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Addressing Laboratory Hazards in Health Care Occupancies

Presented by:

Sharon Gilyeat, P.E.

Principal

William Higgins

Fire Protection Engineer

Koffel Associates

2016 NFPA Conference & Expo

• Review applicable codes and define associated terms

• Explain lab processes and fire hazards

• Detail specific code requirements and resulting fire and life safety requirements

• Present two case studies and apply applicable codes

• Compare NFPA 99, 1999 vs 2012

• Significant use

• Going Green - Recycling

• Surveying

• Codes are changing

• NFPA 99, 1999 vs. NFPA 45, 2011

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• NFPA 101, 2012 Edition

• NFPA 45, 2011 Edition

• NFPA 30, 2012 Edition

• NFPA 99, 2012 Edition

Terminology/Definitions

• Classification of Flammable Liquids

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Terminology/Definitions

• Laboratory Building – Principal use

• Laboratory Unit – Enclosed area including incidental

• Laboratory Work Area – Room or space for lab use

• Inside Liquid Storage Area – Separated room or building for storage of liquids

Terminology/Definitions

• Safety Can – Limited to18.9L (5 gal)

• Storage Cabinet – For storage of flammable and combustible liquids and complies with NFPA 30 Section 9.5

Terminology/Definitions

• Distillation

• In-Use

• Transferring

• Dispensing

• Open Systems

• Closed Systems

• Bulk

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• Histology and Pathology

• Tissue Processors

• Stainers

• Recyclers

• Chemistry - Minor Quantities

• Waste

• Size of containers vary

• Can be 220L (55 gal) drums

• Flammable liquid storage room

• Transferring and Dispensing

• New material into processor containers

• Waste material from processors into

• Recycler containers

• Waste containers

• Recycled material into processor containers

• Storage

• Limited Quantities

• 4L (1 gal) containers

• Flammable liquid storage room

• In-Use

• In processors

• Recycling?

• Recycling

• Waiting to be recycled

• Recycled waiting to be used

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• Open vs. Closed

• Flammable Liquids

• Xylene

• Ethanol

• Formalin

• Removal for testing

• Tissue Processor

• Preservation

• Dehydration

• Clearing

• Wax Infiltration

• Wax Embedding

• Staining

• Routine Stain

• Special Staining

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Recycler

• Ethanol and Xylene

• “Going-Green”

• “Saving Money”

• 95%-96%

• 18.9L (5 gal)

• Excessive = waste

North Pole Hospital (Floor 1)

Case A - Recyclers Not Inside Flammable Liquid Storage Room Meeting NFPA 30 Requirements

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Laboratory Unit: Entire Lab Laboratory Unit Classification: Class C

Chemical Name CAS Number Total Amount Container sizeContainer type: (e.g.

Glass, Plastic...)

Amount Stored in Approved Safety

CabinetsNFPA 30 Liquid Class

NFPA 704 Classification

Concentration of vapor, fume, gas, dust under normal operations without exhaust

LFL (% by Vol)

LC50Health Flammability Reactiv ity

Acetone 67-64-1 4 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All Flammable 1B 1 3 0 4.1 ppm 2.6 44,000 mg/m3 4H

Cyto-Stain 6 gallons 1 gallon Plastic None Flammable 1B 2 3 0 0.4 ppm 3.3 20,000 ppm 10H

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

Acid Orange 10 <1.0 1936-15-8

Acid Red 87 <1.0 17372-87-1

Phosphomolybdic Acid <1.0 12026-57-2

Fast Green fcf <1.0 2353-45-9

Methyl Alcohol 3-3.8 67-56-1

Acetic Acid 1-3 64-19-7

Isopropyl Alcohol 3-3.8 67-63-0

Ethyl Alcohol 60-65 64-17-5

C.I. Acid Blue 22 <1.0 28631-66-5

Diff Quik Fixative Solution 67-56-1 6 gallons 1 gallon Plastic None Flammable 1B 3 3 0 0.9 ppm 6 64,000 ppm/4H

Eosin-Y Alcoholic

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

6 gallons 1 gallon Plastic None Flammable 1B 2 3 0 0.4 ppm 3.3 20,000 ppm 10H

Deionized Water 37-40 7732-18-5

Acid Red 87 <1.0 17372-87-1

Ethyl Alcohol 52-55 64-17-5

Isopropyl Alcohol 2.5-3.5 67-63-0

Methyl Alcohol 2.5-3.5 67-56-1

Acetic Acid <1.0 64-19-7

Formaldehyde – 37%

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

3 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All Combustible Class II 3 2 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 7 0.578 mg/L 4HDeionized Water 48-53 7732-18-5

Methyl Alcohol 10-15 67-56-1

Formaldehyde 37-38 50-00-0

Formalin (10% NBF)

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

44 gallons 5 gallons Plastic/ Cardboard None Combustible Class IIIB 2 1 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 0.578 mg/L 4H

Deionized Water 94-95 7732-18-5

Formaldehyde 3.5-4 50-00-0

Methyl Alcohol 1.2 67-56-1

Sodium Phosphate Dibasic <1.0 7558-79-4

Sodium Acid Phosphate <1.0 7558-80-7

Isopropanol 67-63-0 3 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All Flammable 1B 1 3 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 39.3 mg/L

Methanol 67-56-1 8 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All Flammable 1B 1 3 0 1.2 ppm 6 64,000 ppm 4H

Reagent Alcohol

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

21.5 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All except current o pen con tainer Flammable 1B 3 3 0 0.4 ppm 3.3 20,000 ppm 10HEthyl Alcohol 90 64-17-5

Isopropyl Alcohol 5.5 67-63-0

Methyl Alcohol 4.5 67-56-1

3-Step Fixative 67-56-1 4 gallons 1 gallon Plastic None Flammable 1B 1 3 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 6 64,000 ppm 4H

Xylenes 1330-20-7 21 gallons 1 gallon Plastic All Flammable 1C 2 3 0 0.09 ppm 1.1 29.08 mg/L

Alcohol Waste

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

80 gallons 50 gallon dr um/ 1 5 gallon drum Metal/Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Flammable 1B 2 3 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 3.3 20,000 ppm 10HEthyl Alcohol 90 64-17-5

Isopropyl Alcohol 5.5 67-63-0

Methyl Alcohol 4.5 67-56-1

Bouin’s Waste

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

0.5 gallons 5 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Combustible Class IIIA 3 1 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 250 ppm 2H

Deionized Water 80 7732-18-5

Formaldehyde 10 50-00-0

Methyl Alcohol 4 67-56-1

Acetic Acid 5 64-19-7

Picric Acid <1.0 88-89-1

“CO2” Waste Contains <5% Sulfuric Acid 7664-93-9 5 gallons 5 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Noncombustible 3 0 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 347 ppm

DAB Waste

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

30 gallons 15 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Combustible Class IIIB 2 1 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 1.1g/kgHydrous Citric Acid 30-60 5949-29-1

Sodium Metabisulfite 10-30 7681-57-4

Polyethylene Glycol 3-7 25322-68-3

Decal Solution Waste 60-00-4 2 gallons 5 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Flammable 1C 1 1 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 2.0 5.4g/kg

Formalin Waste

Composed of: (%by Weight) CAS #

45 gallons 15 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Combustible Class IIIB 2 1 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 0.578 mg/L 4H

Deionized Water 94-95 7732-18-5

Formaldehyde 3.5-4 50-00-0

Methyl Alcohol 1.2 67-56-1

Sodium Phosphate Dibasic <1.0 7558-79-4

Sodium Acid Phosphate <1.0 7558-80-7

Diaminobenzoic Acid Waste 535-87-5 15 gallons 15 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Combustible Class IIIB 2 1 1 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A N/A

Silver Nitrate Waste 7761-88-8 15 gallons 15 gallon Plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Noncombustible 3 0 1 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. N/A 1173 mg/kg

Xylenes Waste 1330-20-7 65 gallons 50 gallon dr um/ 1 5 gallon drum Metal/plastic Flammable Liquid Stor age R oo m Flammable 1C 2 3 0 N/A - Used in Closed Systems or Storage only. 1.1 29.08 mg/L

Not In Approved Flammable Liquid Storage Room

LiquidNFPA

Class

Container

Size

(gal)

In

Closed

Process

(gal)

In

Containers

(gal)

Recycler

Waste

(gal)

Recycler

Distilled

(gal)

Acetone IB 1 0 11 0 0

Cyto-Stain IB 1 0 11 0 0

Reagent Alcohol IB 1 or 5 14 0 10 10

TOTAL 1B 56

Xylene IC 1 or 5 6 0 10 10

TOTAL 1C

TOTAL 1

26

82 (In Use and Stored), 62 (In Use)

Formaldehyde II 1 0 3 0 0

Formalin IIIB 1 or 5 4 40 0 0

• Classify lab based on Table 10.1.1(b)

• Total Class 1 – 82 gallons

• No reductions in Table required – Lab is on Floor 1

• Quantity per 100 sq ft unit – (82*100)/2878= 2.9 gal (some in use and some just stored)

• Quantity per 100 sq ft unit – (62*100)/2878= 2.1 gal (in use)

• Lab is classified as Class B if distillation processing waste is considered in-use

• Lab is classified as Class C if distillation processing waste is considered storage

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• Class C – Non-rated, Floors 1-3

• Class B – 1 hr, Floors 1-3

• Not permitted in Basement

• 9.2.1.3 Hazardous chemical stored and handled to limit maximum spill to less than 5 gal

• 9.2.3.3 Class I and II liquids not “in use” – Stored in safety cans, storage cabinet, or inside flammable liquid storage room

• 9.3.1 Waste chemicals stored in accordance with 9.2

• 9.3.4 Waste containers stored in laboratory work areas cannot exceed 5 gal

• 10.1.2 Maximum Container Size (See Table 10.1.2) –Quantity based on type of container

• Class 1A – 1gal

• Class 1B and 1C – 5 gal

• 10.3 Liquid Dispensing

• Class 1 in containers less than or equal to 5 gal

• Hood

• Ventilated area – limits to 25% of the LEL

• Inside storage room meeting NFPA 30

• Class 1 in containers more than 5 gal

• Separate area outside

• Inside storage room meeting NFPA 30

• 12.1.3 Distillation – Limited requirements

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• Other requirements in NFPA 45 are beyond this presentation but include:

• Egress

• Portable Fire Extinguishers

• Fire Alarm Systems

• Evacuation and Emergency Plans

• Sprinkler Systems

• Class A and B labs – Ordinary Hazard Group 2

• Class C and D labs – Ordinary Hazard Group 1

• Must be quick response sprinklers

• Standpipe System

• Noncompliance

• 5 gal Class 1 stored in lab unit and are not in safety cans or storage cabinet

• Ventilation requirement for dispensing needs to be verified

• Resolution

• Relocate 5 gal containers not being recycled (complete or waiting) to approved storage cabinet

• Relocate processors to flammable storage room

and

• Dispense and transfer in flammable liquid storage room

or

• Verify adequate ventilation in lab for dispensing

Case B - Recyclers and Associated Storage Inside Flammable Liquid Storage Room Meeting NFPA 30 Requirements

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Not In Approved Flammable Liquid Storage Room

LiquidNFPA

Class

Container

Size

(gal)

In

Closed

Process

(gal)

In

Containers

(gal)

Recycler

Waste

(gal)

Recycler

Distilled

(gal)

Acetone IB 1 0 11 0 0

Cyto-Stain IB 1 0 11 0 0

Reagent Alcohol IB 1 or 5 14 0 10 0 10 0

TOTAL 1B 56 36

Xylene IC 1 or 5 6 0 10 0 10 0

TOTAL 1C

TOTAL 1

26 6

82 42 (In Use)

Formaldehyde II 1 0 3 0 0

Formalin IIIB 1 or 5 4 40 0 0

• Classify lab based on Table 10.1.1(b)

• Total Class 1 – 42 gallons

• No reductions in Table required – Lab is on Floor 1

• Quantity per 100 sq ft unit – (42*100)/2878= 1.5 gal (in use)

• Lab is classified as Class C

• Class C – Non-rated, Floors 1-3

• Not permitted in Basement

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• No change from Case A

• Noncompliance

• Ventilation requirement for dispensing may not be adequate

• Resolution

• Dispense and transfer in flammable liquid storage room

• What is the effect of NFPA 99 removing laboratory requirements in 2012 Edition

• NFPA 99 Requirements• 10-4.2 Processors must be 5 ft from storage of combustibles or

1 hr separation

• 10-7.2.2

• Total volume of Class I, II, and IIIA Not In Approved Storage Containers and Cabinets – Limited to 1 gallon per 100 sq ft

• Total volume of Class I, II, and IIIA Including those In Approved Storage Containers and Cabinets – Limited to 2 gallon per 100 sq ft

• 10-7.3 Transfer from bulk containers

• In flammable liquid storage room

• Under approved hood

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• Existing case study would not meet NFPA 99, 1999 requirements, quantity too high, over 1 and 2 gal limits

• Using NFPA 45 now has relaxed the requirements –allowing a greater quantity of flammable liquids in health care labs

• Histology and pathology labs need to be surveyed and reviewed carefully for compliance

• The presence of recyclers increases the hazard and likelihood for noncompliance

• Inside storage rooms are needed for bulk storage and for transferring and dispensing

• NFPA 99’s removal of laboratory requirements now allows more flammable and combustible liquids in health care laboratories

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2016 NFPA Conference & Expo