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IAEA-TECDOC-340
ACTIVITIES OF THE IAEA LABORATORIESIN SEIBERSDORF AND VIENNA
Biennial Report 1983-1984
A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1985
ACTIVITIES OF THE IAEA LABORATORIESIN SEIBERSDORF AND VIENNA: BIENNIAL REPORT 1983-1984
IAEA, VIENNA, 1985IAEA-TECDOC-340
Printed by the IAEA in AustriaJune 1985
The IAEA does not maintain stocks of reports in this series. However,microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from
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FOREWORD
This biennial report is presented in a new style. General information
on the structure of the laboratory, its sections, staff and programmes is
provided in the form of lists and tables, interspersed with photographs
and figures. Individual research projects, services rendered, and expert
missions performed are briefly mentioned, and information on training
courses and in-service training is provided together with a list of
trainees.
Two fields of work, Entomology and Tissue Culture, have been singled
out for a more detailed destription.* They will be followed by one or two
different projects in each following year. It is hoped that in this way
the report will make more interesting reading and still provide all
essential information on the work of the laboratory.
* The Entomology and Tissue Culture work described in this report forms
part of an extensive programme on the use of atomic energy and
associated technology in food and agriculture. This programme is
funded and operated jointly by IAEA and the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations through a Joint FAO/IAEA Division.
Work at the Agency' s Laboratories was started in 1959 at the
organisation's former headquarters in Vienna. Two years later, most of
the laboratories were moved to the site of the Austrian Research Centre
at Seibersdorf, about 30 km from Vienna. Only one laboratory (hydrology)
remained in Vienna and is at present accomodated in the basement of one
of the Agency's towers in Vienna International Centre. The organization
of the Laboratories is shown in Table 1 of this report. Research topics
are shown in Table 4. The number of staff members, including seconded
staff, is about 150 and includes nationals of 31 countries.
EDITORIAL NOTE
In preparing this material for the press, staff of the International Atomic Energy Agency
have mounted and paginated the original manuscripts and given some attention to presentation.
The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of the Member States
or organizations under whose auspices the manuscripts were produced.
The use in this book of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply anyjudgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of
their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand names does not imply anyendorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
CONTENTS
Introduction ........................................................ 7
Research and development of mass rearing systems for
insect control programmes ........................................ 15
Tissue culture techniques for plant breeding ..................... 21
ANNEX
Table 1 Structure of the Laboratory ............................ 33
Table 2 Scientific and technical staff ......................... 34
Table 3.A Trainees at the Laboratory 1983-1984 ................... 36
Table 3.B Visiting scientists at the Laboratory 1983-1984 ........ 38
Table 3.C Training courses held at Seibersdorf Laboratory1983-1984 ............................................ 39
Table 4 Research projects involving experimental work at
the Laboratory ....................................... 40
Table 5 Missions to Member States in 1983 and 1984 by
staff members of the Laboratory ...................... 48
Table 6 Technical supervision of Technical Assistance and
Co-operation projects 1983-1984 ...................... 50
Table 7 Analytical and production services ..................... 52
Papers published by staff members or presented at scientificconferences in 1983 and 1984 ...................................... 57
INTRODUCTIONThe two years covered in this report have seen important changes in
the aims, structure and work of the laboratory. While the basic
objective has remained to provide practical support to Agency programmes
it has also been realised that such support was most required in the
transfer of advanced technology to developing Member States. This is
done by the servicing of co-ordinated programmes of research, advising on
and assisting in technical co-operation projects and by providing
training facilities for young scientists and technicians from developing
countries. All related activities at the laboratory were considerably
increased.
In particular, this increase has been felt in the agricultural
sections which were re-named Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory to
underline the changing emphasis in their work: the new Agrochemicals
Section was built up and equipped, and started the development of several
additional controlled-release formulations of pesticides as well as an
investigation by radiochemical methods into the biology and biochemistry
of microbes for biomass degradation; for entomology a large pilot
facility was erected for the mass rearing of medflies as part of an
eradication programme in Egypt using radiation-sterilized insects; for
plant breeding a new tissue culture laboratory was installed which
permits the rapid development of plants from mutated cells; and, finally,
a completely new programme was started in animal production, involving
the study of animal metabolism with radioactive tracers in the laboratory
(using an "artificial cow", a glass and plastic system in which ruminant
metabolic processes can be duplicated) and a radioimunoassay project. In
all these programmes, as in the continuing old ones, training is and will
be provided on an increasing scale. Plans are now being made for the
construction of a new building to centralize certain training facilities
such as lecture theatres and study rooms.
In chemistry and hydrology a new line was started together with the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in servicing the latter's network
of stations for monitoring of background levels of air pollution all
around the world. Rain samples and air filters are collected at 150
stations and an increasing number of these send their samples to the
Agency's laboratory for the measurement of acidity, individual acids and
heavy metal contaminants. The laboratory carried out these measurements
with modern instrumentation (to which WMO has contributed) including an
7
ion chromatograph and a new atomic absorption spectrometer. An
inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer is on order and will be
taken into service next year. The Laboratory's facilities for trace
element determination have found additional use in the certification of
new reference materials and will be used increasingly also for training.
A large number of analytical intercomparisons were again organized
during the two years. This may be regarded as a form of training also,
in which inexperienced participants can evaluate and improve their
analytical performance. Two of the laboratories' standard reference
materials of interest in nutritional studies (animal muscle and milk
powder) were upgraded by additional calibrations for certain "problem
elements". Facilities for uranium determination at very low
concentrations (sub-ppm in solid samples, sub-ppb in water) were improved
by the addition of a laser fluorimeter.
In radiation dosimetry a new automated thermoluminescent dosemeter
reader was installed and the application of LiF rods and chips to therapy
level dose measurements was tested. Co-ordination of the Secondary
Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) network was continued.
The Electronics and Measurement Section has installed a new training
laboratory, and in addition, its members take part in teaching
electronics courses held by the Agency for technicians elsewhere. This
section is being reshaped to form a new "Instrumentation Section" to
serve projects in electronics, to select and test equipment of all sorts
supplied under Agency schemes, and to develop measuring techniques needed
by other sections of the laboratories.
Six training courses and one seminar were held at the laboratory
during the two years, up from two courses annually during preceding years.
An increasing number of samples were analysed by the Safeguards
Analytical Laboratory (SAL), more than a thousand each year. These
analyses are an essential support to the Agency in its Safeguards System,
and more are required every year, but the capacity of SAL is now
approaching its limit. Increasing use is therefore being made of the
network of national laboratories which cooperate with the Agency to
analyse samples for safeguards verification.
9
Agrochemicals: A tracer experiment to follow the pathway of pesticides
Chemistry: Determination of heavy-metal pollution in rain water samples
by atomic absorption spectrometry
10
Safeguards analysis: Plutonium separation work in glove boxes
Training course: Participants screen a crop of cereal mutants
12
The need is recognised to improve SAL's facilities and strengthen its
procedures, and a number of actions were undertaken in this direction.
300 square meters of additional space were rented from the Austrian
Research Center to provide a non-radiation area for offices, stores and
better entry facilities. This makes possible the conversion of previous
non-active facilities into radiation controlled areas. A second automatic
mass spectrometer of high performance was installed. The computer network
is being extended to accommodate a sophisticated measurement control
system. The equipment and installations of the chemical analytical
laboratories of SAL were updated and the scope of radiometric techniques
in use was significantly broadened.
13
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MASS REARING SYSTEMS FORINSECT CONTROL PROGRAMMES(Contributed by R. Gingrich, Head, Entomology Section)
Huge losses to agricultural and livestock production are caused by
insects every year and large quantities of pesticides are employed in an
attempt to control or to eradicate the insects which are responsible for
these losses. Control by pesticides causes problems due to the
persistence of these chemicals in the environment, to the development of
resistance against them by the target species and to their undesirable
effects on other living organisms.
During the last few decades, a new technique of pest control has been
developed which has proved successful in the eradication of the screwworm
in the Southwestern United States as well as against the Medfly in
Mexico, pests which had previously caused annual losses running into
hundreds of millions of dollars annually. The new technique is called
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT).
Since the first dramatic demonstration of success against the screw-
worm on the island of Curacao, 30 years ago, scientists have studied more
than 200 species of insects as potential targets for the SIT. This
revolutionary concept of pest control, first postulated by Dr. E.F.
Knipling with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1937, involves the
mass rearing and release of insects sterilized by radiation. These mate
in the wild with normal females and, thereby, reduce the natural rate of
population growth. When sufficient sterile males are released to
outnumber the normal wild males, the wild population can be reduced to
the point of extinction. In many situations the SIT can be more
effective and efficient than conventional insecticides for eliminating
pest problems. Eradication of the screwworm from the U.S. has returned
more than $10 for every dollar that was invested in the programme and the
benefits continue to accrue as long as the pest is gone.
The SIT is a highly sophisticated method of insect control and its
development and practical use involves a number of technical and
operational problems. The Insect and Pest Control Section of the Joint
FAO/IAEA Division, active in applying the SIT against several species of
insect pests, is concerned with these problems. Research to solve
technical problems is carried out in the Entomology Section of the
15
Seibersdorf Laboratory where current activities are directed toward
tsetse and Mediterranean fruit flies. Both are targets for eradication
by the SIT in co-operative programmes between the Agency and governments
of countries affected by these pests.
The ability to rear large numbers of good quality insects for
sterilization and release is one of the most important technical
challenges facing organizers of a SIT campaign. The extent to which this
challenge can be met determines, in large measure, the feasibility of
using the SIT to solve a pest problem. Developing procedures, equipment
and systems for mass rearing insects is a major activity in the
Entomology Laboratory.
In 1979 the technology for mass rearing Medflies was developed at
Seibersdorf and transferred to Mexico, where a factory was constructed
that has the capacity to rear more than 500 million insects each week.
Insects produced in this factory were used in a campaign that success-
fully eradicated the Medfly from Mexico by 1982. Now this facility is
being used to extend the eradication campaign into neighbouring Guatemala
and perhaps eventually into other Central American countries.
Research in mass rearing Medflies is continuing at Seibersdorf to
meet the challenges of another eradication programme being organized in
Egypt. A facility located near Alexandria and capable of rearing 10002
million insects each week is planned for this programme. A 500 m
pilot facility was recently erected at Seibersdorf where the procedures
and equipment needed for this large task are being developed. Mechaniza-
tion of procedures to reduce the number of staff and thereby the cost of
running the operation is being sought wherever possible. For example, a
monorail system is being developed to move the large and heavy pieces of
rearing equipment within the plant. In further attempts to reduce
operation costs, materials locally available in Egypt are being tested as
substitutes for more expensive imported ingredients in the larval and
adult diets. Control procedures are being developed that will ensure
that the qualities needed by males for proper performance in the field,
such as longevity, flight ability and mating propensity, are present in
the insects produced.
For similar purposes, research is done at Seibersdorf to develop mass
rearing systems for tsetse flies, blood feeding insects that are vectors
16
of Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in Africa. The transition from
using live host animals to in vitro systems for feeding flies has been
spear- headed at the Entomology Laboratory.
The first departure from live hosts used defibrinated blood,
collected at a local abattoir, which was poured into a shallow heated
tray and covered with an artificial membrane to simulate a host animal's
skin. The membrane, made from reinforced silicone rubber, is readily
pierced by the mouthparts of flies during feeding. It can be sterilized
by heat and when properly maintained may be used for many months.
Problems encountered in maintaining the freshly collected blood in a
nutritious state led to the development of procedures for freeze-drying
the blood. A highly effective diet has been formulated from a mixture of
freeze dried bovine and porcine bloods that are reconstituted in water.
This diet can be stored dry in aluminum foil bags for at least a year
without loss in quality and can be economically shipped to anywhere in
the world. Projects in the U.S. and several countries in Europe and
Africa have successfully used the dried blood mixtures for feeding a
variety of hematophagous insects.
Projects in Africa in which tsetse flies are fed in vitro have
depended on foreign sources of blood because of the need to avoid feeding
colonized insects on blood that might be contaminated with pathogenic
trypanosomes. In order to make these projects self-running by nationals,
procedures have been developed for treating blood to inactivate the
trypanosomes. Facilities are lacking in most areas of Africa for freeze
drying blood, but with the new decontamination procedures it is now
possible to collect and use local sources of fresh blood for rearing
tsetse flies. Procedures are also developed for preparing diets from
blood that is collected fresh and stored frozen. This blood when thawed
is slightly better in quality than reconstituted freeze dried blood.
From whatever source, it is essential for the health of flies that
the diet should not contain large numbers of microorganisms.
Contamination occurs during collecting and processing blood, therefore,
procedures have had to be developed to eliminate contamination as well as
to prevent its reentry into the diet during feeding. Microbiological
studies have also revealed that certain antibiotics can be used
therapeutically to successfully treat flies already exposed to infections.
17
Cages for rearing Mediterranean fruit flies.Prototypes developed at the Entomology Laboratory,
IAEA, Seibersdorf, Austria. Trays at bottom collect eggslaid by females through the cloth sides of the cages.
Studies are underway to further improve the quality and efficiency of
tsetse diets by formulating artificial diets. Projects using such diets
would be independent from a source of whole blood.
A large colony of the species of tsetse fly undergoing eradication in
a portion of Nigeria is maintained at Seibersdorf. This "back-up" colony
provides an immediate means for restocking should an accident occur that
jeopardizes the colony in Nigeria. Further, the surplus progeny from
this "back-up" colony is shipped to Nigeria at intervals to augment the
numbers of flies released in the project area.
18
In vitro system for rearing tsetse flies in absence of live host animals.Flies feed on blood held beneath a silicon rubber memebrane
that simulates an animal skin.
Additional strains and species of tsetse and Medflies are colonized
at Seibersdorf to provide material for biological studies that are needed
to plan for extending the application of the SIT into new areas. Then,
when a project is organized, the knowledge and biological stock needed to
produce a mass rearing colony are ready.
19
TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT BREEDING(Contributed by T. Hermelin, Head, Plant Breeding Section)
1 Introduction
The word "development" is used in several contexts in political,
technical and biological sciences. Development in biology means
differentiation both on the individual and on the population levels. The
mechanisms are genetic changes (mutations), hybridization, and selection.
Plant breeders utilize them to speed up the spontaneous rate of develop-
ment (evolution) to create crop varieties with improved yield, quality
and resistance to stress (e.g. cold, heat, diseases, pests). Plant
breeding started when cultivation of plants started. By a better under-
standing of the genetic control of plant traits the prospects to develop
plant varieties for food, feed and industrial purposes are increased.
Desired characters have been introduced into the breeding material by
cross-breeding or by the use of induced mutations through ionizing
radiation or certain chemical substances. Varieties derived from induced
mutations are on the market in several countries. As the development of
new varieties is expensive and time-consuming, methods to speed up the
procedures are highly desirable. By the cultivation of plant cells or
organs in vitro, which means in an artifical environment, the time from
the initial step (mutation induction or hybridization) until the
agronomic evaluation of the material in the field can be significantly
reduced.
2 Application of in vitro technology for plant breeding
In vitro techniques for plant multiplication, manipulation and
selection have developed rapidly in recent years. VASIL et al. (1979)
reports about 330 species from which adventitious buds, shoots, embryoids
or whole plants have been produced this way. In 150 cases successful
regeneration was achieved for the first time in the four-year period
1973-76. The achievements are largely facilitated by the development of
suitable media for the cultivation of plant tissues and the understanding
of the hormonal regulation of plant differentiation and growth.
The methodology is now considered a potent means for plant
improvement supplementing conventional procedures, including the use of
induced mutations, by
21
(i) vegetative propagation (cloning) of plant material tofacilitate a speedy evaluation of breeding lines,
(ii) speeding up plant breeding procedures (shortening of generationduration) and fast propagation of useful plant types(micro-propagation),
(iii) screening at the cell level of large populations for certaintraits, and
(iv) embryo rescue after distant crosses from which hybridindividuals can be obtained.
Although in vitro techniques have been developed in several plant
species, their use in routine plant breeding work is not yet fully
implemented. The main reasons for constraints are
(i) the special facilities needed,
(ii) the special care and skill needed to transplant regeneratedplants from artificial media to the field,
(iii) the still limiting availability of reproducible procedures formany important crops,
(iv) the different ability of various genotypes to be handled andregenerated in this way, and
(v) the sometimes undesirable high variability induced by in vitromanipulation (somatic variation).
Keeping in mind both the prospects and the limitations of the
technology for plant breeding, it was decided that the Plant Breeding
Section would start work in this field. The decision was based on the
general tasks of the Section, i.e. development of efficient mutagen
application procedures, provision of training to plant breeders, and
service to institutes in Member Countries. Only by having direct
experience of in vitro work will the Section be able to recommend its
application in mutation plant breeding.
3 Plant breeding methods
Plant breeding is the art to construct a cultivar that is accepted
both by the producer and by the consumer. The breeding technique is
determined by the objective which may be improved yield, quality or
resistance to disease. The breeder is often bound toiprocedures that are
22
slow and not directly leading to the goal. Insufficient knowledge of the
genetic control of critical characters is the most obvious obstacle, this
is followed by limiting resources (manpower, land, laboratories). Even
the most experienced breeder has to calculate on a moderate probability
to obtain the desired objective in one single step. Depending on
experience and resources, the following alternatives are at hand:
(i) Recombination of traits by cross-breeding;
(ii) Induction of mutations;
(iii) In vitro manipulation.
A combination of procedures is often necessary, e.g. in vitro rescue
of embryos after distant hybridization, use of induced mutations in
cross-breeding, and induction of mutations in vitro.
Most of the varieties on the market have been developed after
hybridization and remarkable results will certainly be reported in the
future, too. The approach is conservative, as it is limited to
recombination of available germplasm. Achievements are relatively small,
and the breeding procedures are time consuming (10-15 years).
The use of mutations in plant breeding (mutation breeding) has been
successfully employed in a large number of agricultural and horticultural
crops (Mutation Breeding Newsletter, 1984). The method should be
considered as complementary to conventional cross-breeding, as induced
mutants widen the genetic variability of available genepools. Mutant
lines with changed architecture, disease and pest resistance, earlier
maturation and other characters needed for modern cultivation practice
have been selected. Mutation breeding is often less time-consuming than
cross-breeding, but the efforts to select desirable types are
considerable as they may be rare.
Several positive reports using in vitro techniques are given in the
literature, although only a limited number of varieties have come to the
farmers' field yet. In vitro methods are routinely used for propagation
of virus-free potato clones and in ornamental plants. The technology, in
combination with mutagen application and with relevant screening methods,
has some promising prospects as:
(i) a large number of cells can be handled, from which selectedmaterial is regenerated into plants with the mutant character;
23
CHIMERISM IN TISSUECULTURE AND IN THE
REGENERATED PLANTS
IN-VITROTECHNIQUES
ANDPROBLEMS
"SPONTANEOUS' AND"INDUCED" GENETICSTABILITY/VARIABILITYIN THE "IN VITRO"
Figure 1: In vitro techniques and problems.From the cover page of a document announcing
an FAO/IAEA research coordination meeting on in vitro technologyfor Mutation Breeding, 1983.
24
(ii) chimeras in mutagen treated tissues can be resolved (chimera =individual with cells of different genetic constitution, here:mutated and non-mutated tissues); and
(iii) the breeding procedures could be shortened.
4 Research and training in the Agricultural Biotechnology Unit
FAO and IAEA have recognized the prospects of in vitro methodology in
plant breeding. A Co-ordinated Research Programme on in vitro Technology
for Mutation Breeding started in 1983. The participants met in Vienna 31
October to 4 November 1983 to discuss the present status and the future
development of research. The great number of techniques and the problems
to be solved are visualized in Figure 1, and the main points of
discussion at the meeting were:
Genetic variability.
Mutagen application.
Chimerism.
Mutant selection.
Specific tasks of the FAO/IAEA Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory,
and
Training activity.
In view of the work going on elsewhere it was recommended that the
IAEA laboratory should not concentrate on improving plant tissue culture
methodology or design selection pressures in vitro. The laboratory
should focus on adapting or developing the methodology of in vitro plant
breeding as a basis for more effective and efficient methods of mutation
induction, mutant selection, mutant propagation and genetic engineering.
4.1 Objectives in mutation induction and mutant identification
During the initial phase of the work, the following questions
were addressed:
(i) Can in vitro methodology offer some advantages beyondthose in vivo, especially as to the precision of resultsto be used in mutation breeding?
(ii) Is induction of mutation in vitro causing significantlylarger variability than already expressed by somaticvariation?
25
Seed irradiation
00
Germination
* r
-- 4
2
Api-cal
15
3
1Single budgrown in vitro
Plantletsgrown
1st clonal propagation of axillary buds and terminal bud
Plantlets fromclonal propagation
(only bud 1shown)
r 1 I I
Rooting ofplantlets
2nd clonalpropagation
(only bud 1shown)
Transplantedto soil
Figure 2:In vitro mutagenesis in pea to evaluate chimerism in irradiated embryos.
Procedures in T1, which will be followed by schreening of Mutations in T2.
26
Garden pea and maize respectively were chosen as models to
investigate the two problems raised. Both species are important
agricultural crops and are genetically relatively well studied.
4.1.1 Experiments with pea
The targets of a mutagenic treatment are organelles within the
plant cell. In most instances multicellular tissues are treated (gametes
developed in the flowers and single cells grown in vitro are exceptions)
and the M1 plant developing from the treated tissue is a chimera.
Hence, knowledge of the size and distribution of mutant sectors within
the M1 plant is desirable to be able to harvest those seeds or buds
most likely carrying induced mutations. Such procedures can be
recommended in cereal crops, but in dicotyledonous crops (e.g. grain
legumes) the available information is more scarce (IAEA TECDOC No. 289,
1983). A rather large population of chimeric M1 plants has to be
investigated to achieve reliable results. Pea (Pisum sativum) is well
suited for this purpose as it is self-pollinated and has been subject to
several genetic and radiobiological investigations. By in vitro
techniques it is thought that the low reproductive capacity can be
overcome.
Experimental: Seeds of the variety "Kleine Rheinlanderin" were
irradiated with gamma-rays, sterilized and brought to germination in
vitro. Axillary buds from developing plants were separately cultivated
and a second clonal propagation was carried out subsequently. The sub-
clonal plants developing roots were transplanted into soil. Each
harvested plant will be screened for induced mutations. A comparison
between the frequency of induced mutant plants in M2 originating from
different axillary buds of the M1 seedlings will be made. The procedure
is shown in Figure 2.
4.1.2 Mutagenesis in maize (Zea mays)
Several in vitro manipulation procedures include a stage in
which the cells are proliferated into cell aggregates, from which plants
can be regenerated. These procedures often cause a considerable somatic
variation in regenerated plants. The objective of this investigation is
to assess somatic and mutagen-caused variation.
27
Irradiated material
000
0oo0 00
Immature embryo a10 to 14 days Immature
Pollen after pollination tassel Seeds
I Pollination
10to 14 daysafterpollination
Embr
Embryo Embryo
r i
Immaturetassel
6 to 8 weeksold seedlings
Immaturetassel
A1
/
0"S? Selfing Somatic embryogenes
Somatic embryogenesis
T2 seeds
T2 seedsT1 plant T2 plant
Figure 3:In vitro mutagenesis in maize to evaluate the relative frequencyof somaclonal and mutagen induced variation to be assayed in T2.
Unirradiated control material not shown.
28
Experimental: The line CHI 31, which has a good embryogenic and
regeneration capacity, is used in a set of experiments. Various organs
are exposed to gamma radiation. By hormonal regulation of the media into
which the explants are transferred, they can be forced to initiate
somatic embryos from which new plants can be regenerated and later trans-
planted into soil in the greenhouse for observation and self-pollination.
A progeny test will be made in M2. The procedures are outlined in
Figure 3, in which the unirradiated control population is not shown.
This latter material will be screened for somatic variation in comparison
with the irradiated material to assess the impact of the radiation
treatment. Each of the series shown in Figure 3 has been exposed to at
least two doses of radiation and it is planned that some hundreds of M1
plant progenies per dose have to be evaluated. This large set of
experiments is carried out in co-operation with the Institute of
Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, CSSR.
4.2. Resources for research and training
The two projects briefly discussed in the preceding section
started in the later part of 1983. At present, the following main
facilities were at hand:
2A laboratory of about 20 m
A culture room with shelves and illumination for in vitro
cultures (10 m ).
An incubator and refrigerator for cultures and media storage
respectively.
Two laminar flow benches for aseptic work with working area for
three operators.
Washing machine and autoclave for cleaning and sterilizing
glassware and instruments.
In addition, a tissue culture facility with three culture rooms
and space for chemical mutagenesis and cytological work was constructed
and was ready for use in January 1984. Tissue cultures can now be main-2
tained before transplanting to soil on a shelf area of about 45 m at
up to four different temperature and illumination regimes.
In both years an FAO/IAEA Interregional Training Course on the
Induction and Use of Mutations in Plant Breeding was arranged at
29
Seibersdorf. The participants were instructed on in vitro handling of
plant material. The practical training was appreciated and will be
expanded in future training courses. Three IAEA fellowship holders were
given a more thorough training.
5 Conclusions and plans for future work
Problems in mutation induction methodology in plant tissue cultures
are manifold (cf. Figure 1). Conclusive results regarding mutagen
effects in a plant species and the evaluation of them can usually be
reached in 2 to 3 years. In vitro mutagenesis may shorten the time
needed, provided that the "right" materials are at hand, i.e. that
procedures are well developed and the plant tissue to be investigated is
responding to the manipulation in an expected way. Scientists relying on
in vitro technology to be used for plant improvement expect to achieve
their specific breeding objectives more easily than with conventional
methods. Suitable methods are now available and such objectives are
within reach (Mathews and Bhatia, 1983).
The results of developmental work in plant mutagenesis at the
Laboratory will serve geneticists and breeders in Member Countries of FAO
and IAEA. The problems taken up in this initial phase of our involvement
in in vitro mutagenesis have been chosen because well developed
procedures are available. Further involvement beyond the two projects
presented depends on how laborious they are and when they can be brought
to conclusive results. For the time being the following problems can be
considered:
(i) Development of irradiation procedures in a number of crop species
and in tissue cultures of different origin.
(ii) Investigation of the effects of chemical mutagens, including uptake
into tissues.
(iii) In vitro mutagenesis in vegetatively propagated species such as
tropical tuber and root crops and in fruit crops (e.g. cassava,
trees and banana).
30
6 References
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Chimerism in Irradiated Dicotyledonous
Plants, IAEA TECDOC 289, Vienna (1983).
MATHEWS, H., BHATIA, C.R.. Experimental mutagenesis of in-vitro
cultured plant cells and protoplasts, Mutation Breeding Newsletter,
22 12-17, IAEA, Vienna (1983).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Mutation Breeding Newsletter, Index
Issue 11-20, Vienna (1984).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Mutation Breeding Newsletter, Index
Issue 1-10, Vienna (1984).
VASIL, I.K., M.R. AHUJA, VASIL, V., Plant tissue cultures in genetics and
plant breeding, Advances in Genetics, 20 127-215 (1979).
31
ANNEX
Table 1 Structure of the Laboratory
SOIL SCIENCE
PLANT BREEDING
ENTOMOLOGY
AGROCHEMICALS
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY
ELECTRONICS & MEASUREMENTS
RADIATION DOSIMETRY
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
HEALTH PHYSICS
ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY
MECHANICAL WORKSHOP
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS
33
Table 2 Scientific and Technical Staff
Agency's Laboratory. HeadC. Taylor
1. Agricultural BiotechnologyK. Reichardt
Soil ScienceF. Zapata
Plant BreedingT. Hermelin
EntomologyR. Gingrich
AgrochemicalsL. Vollner
Animal Production
G. Hardarson, H. Axmann, A. Sebastianelli,M. Weber, L. Mayr, J.L. Arrillaga
S. Daskalov, H. Brunner, A. Figueroa/R. Afza
G. Hooper, A. Van der Vloedt, J. Kabayo,H. Fay, E. Busch-Petersen, H. Baumgartner,D. Luger, E. Ruhm, M. Taher, H. Barnor,K. Kada, J. Ripfel, S. Judt
M. Belli, C. Pascucci, M. Pasti, H. Perschke,R. Kundu, A. Ghods
N. Jayasuriya, R. Hamilton, B. Rogovic
2. Physics, Chemistry, Instrumentation
ChemistryO. Suschny L. Pszonicki, A.N. Hanna, J.C. Veselsky,
R. Dekner, B. Kwiecinska, M. Nedbalek,E. Wehrstein, E. Zeiller, M. Tunga
Electronics and MeasurementE. Kero N. Haselberger, S. Hollenthoner, H. Kaufmann,
C. Kirda, J. Kock, 0. Milosevic, A. Muhl,O. Mutz, B. Mukherjee, R. Scarpatetti,A. Wolfl
Radiation DosimetryA.W. Boyd/ J.G. Haider, R. Girzikowsky, P. BeraM. Gustafsson
Medical ApplicationsR.M. Parr P. Vuister, R. Ogris, F. Reichel, F.G. Mason,
S. Clements
Mechanical WorkshopJ.R. Fischer R. Gutenthaler,
J. SchubertF. Holler, A. Kopf,
34
Table 2 (cont'd)
Isotope HydrologyT. Florkowski P. Schwarz, C. Schiszler,
M. Gattin, S. Wierzbinski,H. Tatzber, M. Jaklitsch
E. Kogelmann,A. Tanweer,
Radiation ProtectionR. Ouvrard R. Hartmann, R. Hochmann, P. Bergstrom
3. Safeguards AnalysisS. Deron
Chemical AnalysisG. Bagliano
Isotopic AnalysisT. Mueller
A. Delle Site, H. Swietly, H. Aigner,J. Berger, N. Doubek, K. Ronesch, A. Zoigner
M. Miguel, R. Fiedler, W. Raab, V. Vorisek,D. Jayasinghe, G. Grabmuller
35
Table 3.A Trainees at the Laboratory 1983-1984
Name Country Subject Duration(months)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Djebbar
R. Afza
A. Quadrat-E-Kuda
J. Pascuali
S. Tun
R.G. Valconi
T.S. El-Abbasi
A. El-Zooka
M. Maged
M. El Rifaai
A. Awad
S. Foda
S. Ahmed
M. Amer
B. Bayoumy
A.F. Hashem
K. Mahmoud
M. Saafan
T. Birhano
D. Dankwa
E. Dikhumwin
A. Andrasi
G. Kovacs
P. Zagyvai
P. Zombori
M.K. Luthra
H.H. Prasad
S.M.M.Tungguldihardjo
Z.S. Wibowo
M. Ghodoossi-Pour
B. Owrang
S.O. Obiero
S.G. Kim
T.I. Pak
1.0. Putsoa
S.I. Kafala
R. Gandhi
N. Mod Ali
D. Mohamad
Algeria
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Burma
Dominican R.
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Ethiopia
Ghana
Ghana
Hungary
Hungary
Hungary
Hungary
India
India
Indonesia
Indonesia
Iran
Iran
Kenya
Korea(DPRK)
Korea(DPRK)
Lesotho
Libya
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Radiation dosimetry
N-fixation
Radio-labelled pesticides
Fertilizer use efficiency
N-fixation
Electronics
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Medfly
Health Physics
Tsetse fly
N15 assay
Health Physics
Azolla
Medical Applications
Analytical Quality Control
N15 assay
Medfly
Radio-labelled pesticides
Soil-plant studies
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Health Physics
Health Physics
Uranium analysis
Med. Applications + Chem.
Mutation induction
Radiation dosimetry
Isotope Hydrology
3
9
3
12
6
12
10
2
7 days
7 days
1
1
1
1
7 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
6
4
2 weeks
2 days
6
7
6
3
1
5
6
6
6 weeks
12
3
3
1
4
2
9
6
36
Table 3.A (cont'd)
Name Country Subject Duration(months)
N. Mohd-Nasir Malaysia N15 assay 3
G.R. Lopez Mexico Medfly 10
J.L. Zavala Mexico Medfly 3 days
B.O. Ajagbonna Nigeria Tsetse fly 3
J. Onah Nigeria Tsetse fly 3
I. Ndams Nigeria Tsetse fly 1
A.A. Towase Nigeria Health Physics, Electronics 6
S.S. Ahmad Pakistan Rad. Dosimetry 3
M. Ali Pakistan Rad. Dosimetry 10
S. Hassan Pakistan Mutation induction 8
T. Mohammad Pakistan Mutation induction 3
S.K.H. Shah Pakistan Soil-plant studies 2
W. Hirimburegama Sri Lanka Azolla 15
S.K. Kumarasinghe Sri Lanka N-fixation 5
R. Senaratne Sri Lanka N-fixation 6
A.M. Zein El Abdin Sudan Medfly 12
O.A.S. Mohamed Sudan Medfly 2
S.K. Osman Sudan Electronics 9
A. Abdalla Sudan Health Physics 6
E. Mahagob Sudan Health Physics 6
N. Kiwia Tanzania Tsetse fly 3
C.S. Tarimo Tanzania Tsetse fly 7 days
C.T. Shawa Tanzania N-15 assay
C. Amornpimol Thailand Fertilizer use efficiency 7
V. Phadvibulya Thailand In vitro mutagenesis 12
T. Altay Turkey Isotope Hydrology 1
M. Sayin Turkey Isotope Hydrology 6
C.M. Busolo-Bulafu Uganda Mutation induction 1
P. Einyu Uganda Tsetse fly 7 days
J.L. Arrilaga Uruguay N-15 assay 1
C. Perdomo Uruguay Soil water studies 6
L.P. Bazzino Uruguay Fertilizer use efficiency 8
E. Dromer-F. Uruguay Mutation induction 6
Q.T. N'Guyen Vietnam Health Physics 3
D.M. Nguyen Vietnam Chemistry + Med. Appl. 9
K.H. Chisanga Zambia Tsetse fly 3
E. Lingumbwanga Zambia Mutation induction 8
C. Musama Zambia Tsetse fly 3
P. Siyenyi Zambia Tsetse fly 3
37
Table 3.B Visiting scientists at the Laboratory* 1983-1984
Name Country Subject Duration
C.A. De Gueldre Algeria Chemistry 1 month
Zhu-Shuzhong China Chemistry 4 days
F. Novak CSSR Tissue Culture 3 months
G. Meier GDR Electronics 14 days
G.K. Owuso Ghana Tissue Culture 3 weeks
J. Hizo Hungary Dosimetry 2 months
A. Szorenyi Hungary Dosimetry 2 months
A. Lenart Hungary Dosimetry 2 months
M. Peter Hungary Dosimetry 2 months
A. Jakab Hungary Dosimetry 5 days
L. Vagvolqui Hungary Dosimetry 3 months
P. Boremisza Hungary Biodosimetry 2 weeks
T. Hashimoto Japan Chemistry 1 month
K. Kagami** Japan SAL-mass spectrometry 1 year
In Soo Ryu Korea (Rep.) Soil science 10 days
N. Lyas Libya Entomology 15 days
Kah Cheng Tham Malaysia Soil science 10 days
H. Hamann Nigeria Entomology 15 days
L. Sarmiento Nigeria Entomology 3 days
A.R. Azmi Pakistan Soil science 5 days
Nagim El-din Sharabi Syria Soil science 5 days
S. Mbise Tanzania Entomology 15 days
J.R. De Loach USA Entomology 5 days
M. Prokic Yugoslavia Health Physics 3 days
K. Munyinda Zambia Soil science 5 days
only visits of at least 3 days' duration are listed.
** cost-free expert
38
Table 3.C Training Courses held at Seibersdorf Laboratory 1983-1984
1. FAO/IAEA/SIDA Interregional Training Course on the Use of Isotopes and
Radiation Techniques in Studies on Soil/Plant Relationships
16 May to 1 July 1983 - 7 weeks
20 participants from 20 countries
2. FAO/IAEA
3. Seminar:
Interregional Training Course on the Induction and Use of
Mutations in Plant Breeding
6 April to 19 May 1983 - 7 weeks
18 participants from 18 countries
Calibration Procedures in Secondary Standard Dosimetry
Laboratories (in co-operation with the Austrian Research
Center, Seibersdorf)
20 to 24 June 1983
32 participants from 26 countries
4. Application of Environmental Isotopes in Hydrology
19 September to 7 October 1983 - 4 weeks
25 participants from 24 countries
5. FAO/IAEA Interregional Training Course on the Induction and Use of
Mutations in Plant Breeding
3 April to 18 May 1984 - 7 weeks
20 participants from 20 countries
6. FAO/IAEA/SIDA Interregional Training Course on the Use
Radiation Techniques in Studies on Soil/Plant
22 May to 6 July 1984 - 7 weeks
20 participants from 20 countries
This year's training course was organized in
the Austrian Government through the Austrian
Seibersdorf.
of Isotopes and
Relationships
cooperation with
Research Centre,
7. Introductory Course on Radiation Protection Services
18 September 1984 to 1 March 1985
24 weeks fellowship training together with the Austrian
Research Center (FZS) and Viennese hospitals and institutes.
39
Table 4 Research projects involving experimental work at the Laboratory*
SOIL FERTILITY 1. Fertilizer use efficiency in multiple cropping
systems. Continuing.
2. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by the Azolla-
Anabaena system and nitrogen availability of Azolla
as biofertilizer to flooded rice. Continuing.
3. Fertilizer and water management practices in
pastures. Continuing.
4. Agronomic evaluation of natural rock phosphate
materials in connection with projects of the FAO
Fertilizer Programme. Continuing.
5. Fertilizer use efficiency in apple trees.
Continuing.
6. Use of isotopes in studies of biological dinitrogen
fixation. Completed in 1983.
7. Improvement of grain-legume/Rhizobium symbiosis to
fix atmospheric nitrogen. Started in 1983.
8. Development work of the NOI-6 emission spectrometer
for N15 analysis. Continuing.
9. Vacuum equipment for use with emission spectro-
meters. Continuing.
10. Spatial and temporal variability of field soils
with respect to fertilizer uptake, nitrogen
fixation and plant water requirement. Joint
project with E&M Section. Continuing.
* Frequently these projects are carried out under IAEA Co-ordinated Re-
search Programmes. Several such programmes are co-ordinated by laboratory
staff members and require back-up or experimental work at Seibersdorf.
40
11. Improvement of the grain-legume/Rhizobium symbiosis
to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Joint project with
Plant Breeding Section. Continuing.
PLANT BREEDING 1. Seed protein improvement. Completed in 1983.
2. Studies on chimerism in the first generation after
mutagen treatment (M1). Continuing.
3. Radiation mediated gene transfer. Continuing.
4. Tissue culture technology. Started in 1983.
5. Mutation breeding of Azolla. Started in 1984.
ENTOMOLOGY 1. Development of rearing techniques for tsetse flies.
Continuing.
2. Formulation of improved diets for tsetse flies.
Continuing.
3. Evaluation of effects of chemotherapeutic agents on
tsetse flies. Continuing.
4. Colonization of new
Continuing.
species of tsetse flies.
5. Computer
Continuing.
modelling of insect populations.
6. Determination
tsetse flies.
of relation of microorganisms to
Continuing.
7. Maintenance of back-up colonies of tsetse for
eradication programmes. Continuing.
8. Development of rearing techniques for medflies.
Continuing.
41
9. Development of genetic sexing techniques for
medflies. Continuing.
10. Study of radiation biology of medflies. Continuing.
11. Maintenance of mutant strains of medflies.
Continuing.
AGROCHEMICALS 1. Development and evaluation of controlled-release
formulations of pesticides to reduce residues and
increase efficiency: endosulfan, dimethoate, DDT,
dieldrin, carbofuran 2,4D and deltamethrin.
1983 - continuing.
2. Fate of trypanocide drugs in cattle. Study of
homidium, berenil, samorin and antrycid by HPLC.
1983 - continuing.
3. Biology and biochemistry of microbes for biomass
degradation. 1983 - continuing. ;
ANIMAL PRODUCTION 1. Development of techniques for assessing rumen
function.
2. Assessing the nutritive value of agro-industrial
by-products as feeds for ruminants.
3. Development of new and assessment of existing
techniques for measuring hormones by radioimmuno-
assay and enzyme immunoassay.
4. Operation of hormone quality control services
including the supply of antibodies and standards to
developing country scientists.
All projects continuing.
42
CHEMISTRY 1. Intercomparison of uranium and thorium analysis at
three concentration ranges in thorium ores (S-14 to
S-16).
2. Intercomparison of trace element determination in
animal blood (A-13).
3. Intercomparison of trace element determination in
cotton cellulose (V-9).
4. Intercomparison of Sr90, Cs137, Na, K, Ca and Sr
analysis in milk powder (A-14).
5. Intercomparison of uranium analysis at three
concentration ranges in uranium ore (S-17 to S-19).
6. Intercomparison of trace element analysis (17 ele-
ments) in fresh water (W-3/2).
7. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in soil
(Soil-7).
8. Intercomparison of Sr90, Cs137, Mn54 and Pu239
analysis in soil (Soil-6).
9. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in
powdered hay (V-10).
10. Intercomparison of Ra/U ratio and U-235
determination in a uranium phosphate ore (S-20).
11. Intercomaprison of uranium analysis in natural or
U-235 depleted uranium oxide (SR-60).
12. Intercomparison of impurities analysis in U308
(SR-64).
13. Intercomparison of trace element analysis (19
elements) in fresh water (W-4).
Projects 1-3 started in 1982, completed in 1983.Project 4 started in 1982 - completed in 1984.Projects 5-8 started in 1983 - completed in 1984.Projects 9-13 started in 1984 - continuing.
43
INSTRUMENTATION 1. Construction of a gamma-spectrometer system based
on the Modular Eurocard system. Continuing.
2. Computerisation of an N15 emission spectrometer
type NOI-6/e. Prototypes of microprocessor-based
measuring and control systems. Continuing.
3. Construction of a kit version (Eurocard) of a
gamma-spectrometer with sample changer suited for
radioimmunoassay, with a microprocessor-based
interface as a control unit for the sample changer.
Continuing.
4. Construction of prototypes of a drop-out relay
system for protecting electronic equipment in case
of power interruptions. Continuing.
5. Design of a printer interface between a Mettler
balance and a printer. Completed in 1984.
6. Design of an interface between a Micromass 602
Spectrometer and an Epsom HX-20 computer. Completed
in 1984.
7. Signal acquisition system for a Technicon Colori-
meter with an interface to Epsom HX-20 computer.
Completed in 1984.
8. Comparison of commercial competitive constant
voltage transformers to prepare guidelines for
their use in developing countries. Continuing.
9. Preparation and calibration of 1200 gamma emitting
calibration sources for TCAC. Stored for dispatch
on request until 1985. Completed in 1983.
10. Construction of several hundred thermostats for
tsetse fly feeding. Continuing.
44
11. Construction of a control unit for filter wheels
for dosimetry. Completed in 1983.
12. Dual gamma radiation probe for the simultaneous
measurement of field-soil water content and density.
Continuing.
RADIATION
DOSIMETRY
1. Irradiation of thermoluminescent dosemeters to
radiation protection level doses (5 to 12 uGy) in
an intercomparison organized by the University of
Linkoping, Sweden.
2. Construction of new mobile calibration tables using
an improved method for assembly. Completed in 1983.
3. Construction of a remote control system for precise
positioning of dosimeters in radiation beams.
Completed in 1983.
4. Initial testing of a new automated thermolumines-
cent dosemeter reader and the application of LiF
rods and chips to therapy level (2 Gy) dose
measurements. Started in 1983 - continuing.
5. Construction of a graphite absorbed dose calori-
meter with accessories. Completed in 1984.
ENVIRONMENT AND 1.
NUTRITION
Nutritional value of human milk (joint research
project with WHO on minor and trace elements).
Analyses concluded in 1983, report in preparation.
2. Preparation of mixed human diet reference material
(H-9) for use in trace element studies, completed
in 1984; intercomparison studies started in 1984 -
continuing.
3. Upgrading of the certification of two reference
materials (animal muscle, H-4 and milk powder,
45
A-11) for certain "problem elements". Started in
1983 - completed in 1984.
4. Analysis of trace elements in air particulates by
neutron activation analysis, for WMO. Feasibility
studies started in 1983 - continuing.
5. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in animal
bone (H-5). Completed in 1983.
6. Intercomparison of trace element analysis in horse
kidney (H-8). Started in 1984 - continuing.
7. Survey of biological reference materials for trace
element analysis. Preliminary report completed 1983;
expanded survey including environmental materials
started in 1984 - continuing.
8. Development of simple radiochemical sepration pro-
cedures for heavy element determination by neutron
activation analysis. Started in 1984 - continuing.
HYDROLOGY 1. Adaptation and calibration of a new liquid
scintillation spectrometer, including programme
modifications and the preparation of a new
programme for the calculation of tritium results
for enriched samples. Completed in 1983.
2. Modification of Micromass mass spectrometer for
analysis of the D/H ratio including the development
of a new microprocessor-controlled measuring
system. Completed in 1984.
3. Development of a prototype of a suspended-sediment
nuclear gauge consisting of a measuring head with a
scintillation counter and an Am241 source and an
electronic control system based on a Rockwell
AIM-65 microcomputer. Continuing.
46
4. Construction and installation of a new multipoint
temperature measurement system in the
electrolytical facility. Completed in 1983.
5. Construction and installation of an electric
cooling system (-40°C) for the oxygen calibration
line. Completed in 1983.
6. Feasibility study on the liquid scintillation
measurement of environmental C136 in groundwater.
Completed in 1984.
7. Construction of an automatic inlet system for mass
spectrometer. Continuing.
8. Construction of a device for the vacuum
distillation of soil samples. Completed in 1983.
SAFEGUARDS 1. Reverse phase chromatographic separation of uranium,
ANALYSIS plutonium and americium in fresh and spent fuel
materials.
2. Isotopic and isotope dilution analysis of Pu and U
in fresh fuel materials by mass spectrometry with
internal calibration including the resin bead
technique.
3. Isotopic and isotope dilution analysis of Pu by
alpha spectrometry in fresh and spent fuel
materials.
4. Am-241 content by gamma and alpha spectrometry in
fresh and spent fuel materials.
5. Non-volatile impurities in PuO2 by carrier
distillation emission spectrography.
6. Ignition gravimetry of PuO2.
All continuing.
47
Table 5
Missions to Member States in 1983 and 1984 by staff members of the
Laboratory
Country Project Staff Member Duration
Afghanistan AFG/4/002 Mr. H. Kaufmann 2 weeks
Albania ALB/0/002 Ms. H. Axmann 3 weeks
Bolivia RLA/0/006 Mr. O. Mutz 1 week
Bolivia BOL/5/004 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 2 weeks
Brazil BRA/RP85/01 Mr. S. Deron 2 weeks
Brazil Mr. K. Reichardt 1 week
Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. H. Brunner 9 days
Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. S. Daskalov 12 days
Bulgaria INT/5/090 Mr. T. Hermelin 6 days
Colombia COL/5/006 Ms. E. Zeiller 6 weeks
Colombia RLA/0/006 Mr. O. Mutz 6 weeks
Colombia COL/5/007 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 2 days
Colombia COL/5/007 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks
CSSR Mr. H. Brunner 3 days
CSSR Mr. T. Hermelin 5 days
CSSR Mr. W. Pamperl 2 days
FRG Training Course Mr. H. Kaufmann 3 months
FRG Training Course Mr. N. Haselberger 2 weeks
GDR PTC/3303 Mr. H. Broeshart 1 week
GRD PTC/3303 Mr. S. Hollenthoner 1 week
GDR PTC/3303 Mr. L. Mayr 1 week
Guatemala GUA/3/003 Mr. J. C. Veselsky 1 month
Hungary HUN/4/004 Mr. H. Brunner 1 week
India IND/5/010 Ms. H. Axmann 4 weeks
India Mr. N. Haselberger 3 weeks
Indonesia INS/5/018 Mr. H. Brunner 6 week
Japan JASPAS JC4 Mr. S. Deron 1 week
Japan JASPAS JC4 Mr. R. Fiedler 2 weeks
Kenya KEN/9/003 Mr. R. Hochmann 1 week
Kenya KEN/4/003 Mr. H. Kaufmann 4 weeks
Kenya INT/5/084 Ms. M.B. Pasti 7 weeks
Kenya INT/5/084 Mr. L. Vollner 1 week
Kenya Mr. A.M. Van der Vloedt 2 weeks
Kenya KEN/4/003 Mr. J. Kock 4 weeks
48
Table 5 (cont'd)
Country Project Staff Member Duration
Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 5 weeks
Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 3 weeksNigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. R.E. Gingrich 3 weeks
Nigeria NIR/5/012 Mr. A.M. Van der Vloedt 5 weeks
Pakistan PAK/5/017 Mr. L. Mayr 3 weeks
Peru PER/5/O14 Mr. J.A. Sebastianelli 3 weeks
Peru PER/5/014 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks
Peru PER/76/002 Mr. F. Zapata 1 week
Poland POL/2/009 Mr. R. Fiedler 2 weeks
Poland POL/2/009 Mr. V. Vorisek 2 weeks
Sudan SUD/9/004 Mr. R. Ouvrard 1 week
Sudan RAF/0/002 Mr. N. Haselberger 2 weeks
Sweden -Ms. H. Axmann 1 week
Tanzania URT/5/006 Mr. L. Vollner 1 week
Tunisia TUN/9/005 Mr. R. Ouvrard 3 weeks
Uruguay URU/5/012 Mr. F. Zapata 2 weeks
Uruguay URU/5/014 Mr. F. Zapata 1 week
Zambia ZAM/5/009 Mr. J. Kabayo 2 months
Zambia ZAM/O/005 Mr. F. Holler 3 weeks
Coordinated programme on isotopes in hydrology in Latin America:
Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, San Salvador, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic;
Mr. T. Florkowski, total 4 weeks.
Environmental isotopes in hydrology:
Vietnam (4 weeks), Tunisia (1 week), Algeria (2 weeks), Morocco (1 week)
- Mr. J.F. Aranyossy.
Malaysia (2 weeks), Thailand (2 weeks), India (3 weeks) - Mr. Y. Yurtsever
Commissioning of Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories:
Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Colombia, Ecuador,
India, Indonesia, Korea (North and South), Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru,
Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Thailand, Venezuela - Mr. J.G. Haider,
total 14 months.
Calibration of dosimeters in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories:
Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Syria -
Mr. Girzikowsky, total 7 weeks.
49
Table 6
Technical supervision of Technical Assistance and Co-operation Projects
1983-1984
Divisional Liaison Officer: Suschny, O.
Head of Laboratory:
Taylor, C.: Egypt
Pakistan
Interregional
Interregional
EGY/6/004
PAK/1/020
INT/9/047
INT/1/028
Intracavitary radiation therapy
for cancer
Development of track dosimeters
Air pollution control
Equipment maintenance training
Entomology
Gingrich, R.: Mexico
Egypt
MEX/5/009
EGY/5/013
Medfly control
Medfly eradication
Chemistry
Suschny, 0.: Algeria
Cameroon
Korea (North)
Greece
Greece
Interregional
Mali
Korea (South)
Syria
Yugoslavia
Chile
ALG/4/002
CMR/3/006
DRK/3/002
GRE/1/031
GRE/1/032
INT/9/047
MLI/3/004
ROK/3/004
SYR/1/002
YUG/3/006
CHI/3/008
Raw materials analysis
Nuclear analytical laboratory
Uranium ore and concentrate
analysis
Neutron activation in multi-
element analysis
Neutron activation analysis
Air pollution control
Uranium analysis laboratory
Uranium ore analysis
Nuclear analytical laboratory
Nuclear raw materials
Impurities in uranium compounds
Safeguards Analysis
Deron, S.: Brazil
Poland
BRA/1/085
POL/2/009
Safeguards Analytical laboratory
Radiochemical laboratory
50
Table 6 (cont'd)
Instrumentation:
Keroe, E.:
Miguel, M.:
Cuba
Mexico
CUB/1/004
MEX/1/010
Ionizing radiation metrology
Radioactive standards
Isotope HydroloRy
Aranyossy,
J.F.:
Dray, M.:
Chile
Cyprus
Mali
Niger
Senegal
Vietnam
Zaire
Algeria
CHI/8/013
CYP/8/003
MLI/8/002
NER/8/003
SEN/8/002
VIE/8/003
ZAI/8/005
ALG/8/004
Isotopes in hydrology
Isotopes in hydrology
Radioisotopes in hydrology
Radioisotopes in hydrology
Isotopes in hydrology
Isotope hydrology
Radioisotopes in hydrology
Nuclear techniques in sediment
transport studies
51
Table 7 Analytical and production services
Agrochemical
1. Protein analysis of grain for India, Cyprus, Hungary, FRGermany:
HPLC-amino acid analysis, 54 samples.
2. Deltamethrin determination for BICOT tsetse fly eradication pro-
gramme, Nigeria: GC analysis, 21 samples.
3. Cypothrin determination for Kenya: HPLC, 16 samples.
Soil Fertility
1. Analytical services, mainly N-15 assay by mass spectrometry:
about 15,000 determinations for over 100 research contracts.
2. Dispatch of labelled fertilizers for field projects.
3. Rock phosphate testing for FAO fertilizer programme: agronomic
evaluation of rock phosphate materials for direct application.
Guano samples have been also tested.
Safeguards Analysis
1. Uranium
2. Plutonium
3. Spent fuel
736 samples analysed in 1983
722 samples analysed in 1984
190 samples analysed in 1983
216 samples analysed in 1984
230 samples analysed in 1983
103 samples analysed in 1984
The samples were received from five reprocessing plants, ten U
fuel fabrication plants, four Pu fuel fabrication plants and 13
research and other facilities. Their forms included: UF6, uranium
concentrates, uranium oxide powders, uranium alloys, uranium
carbides, Th and U,Th-oxide powders, pellets and coated particles, Pu
oxide powders and nitrate solution, mixed U, Pu nitrate solutions,
52
oxide powders and pellets, and spent fuel solutions. In total some
25 different types of materials from about 20 different nuclear fuel
cycles (BWR, LWR, MTR, FBR, Magnox, HTGR, ... etc.) were dealt with.
The following analytical methods were employed:
(a) U, Pu, Th Element Assay
- potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations
- ignition gravimetry
- isotope dilution analysis by mass spectrometry
(b) Isotope analysis
- mass spectrometry (3 thermal ionization instruments)
- alpha spectrometry of Pu, Am241 (5 detector assemblies)
- gamma spectrometry of U, Pu, Am241, fission products
(3 detector assemblies)
(c) Impurity analysis
- emission spectrography of U and Pu oxides
A network of ten mini or microcomputers, centered around a PDP
11/34 computer, connects some 20 measurement stations. This network
supports the data base of the laboratory and its measurement quality
control system, which is still under development. SAL takes part in
23 R&D projects supported by various Technical Support Programmes for
IAEA Safeguards. Its staff members represent the Agency in working
groups of the ICRM (alpha spectrometry), ESARDA (destructive analysis)
and ISO (accountancy analysis at spent fuel reprocessing plants) and
several Agency sponsored meetings.
Chemistry
1. Determination of uranium (total), uranium (mobile), equilibrium
ratio uranium/daughters, potassium and various other elements,
in uranium prospection samples. Samples were received from
projects in Bangladesh, Brazil, Iran, Mali, Syria, Thailand and
Yugoslavia. A total of 654 determinations was carried out on 216
samples.
2. Preparation and sale of reference materials: 22 new reference
materials were introduced, of which 6 were prepared at the
53
Monaco Laboratory. Three old materials werer phased out. 1900
samples of the 39 different materials available were despatched.
Medical applications
1. Multi-element analysis (NAA) of bio-environmental samples in
support of co-ordinated research programmes: about 100 samples
per year.
2. Preparation of new analytical reference materials, preliminary
characterization studies: 1-2 materials per year.
3. Homogeneity testing and preliminary characterization studies of
reference materials for the AQCS programme: 2-3 materials per
year.
4. Analysis of air filter samples for the BAPMON programme of WMO
(feasibility studies started in 1984).
Instrumentation
1. Calibration and testing of nuclear equipment purchased for
technical co-operation projects prior to their dispatch.
Equipment tested included detectors and neutron and gamma
moisture/density probes.
2. Equipment advisory services to Egyptian Cancer Project (IAEA/WHO
Project EGY/6/004).
Radiation dosimetry
1. Evaluation of 385 sets of thermoluminescent dosemeters sent to
radiotherapy hospitals and secondary standard dosimetry
laboratories.
Isotope hydrology
1. Tritium: 660 determinations
2. Carbon-14: 143 determinations
54
3. Stable isotope ratios D/H and 10/ 160: 1800 determinations
4. Water chemistry: 45 determinations
Samples originated from TC projects, research contracts,
advisory services and the WMO/IAEA Global Precipitation Network.
Entomology
1. Privided about 500,000 puparia of Glossina palpalis palpalis to
field project (BICOT) in Nigeria.
2. Provided sufficient freeze dried blood to produce about 3500
liters of tests fly diet to Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria and Zambia.
Plant breeding
Radiation mutation services to institutes in 28 Member Countries:
135 varieties from 37 species
391 gamma irradiation treatments
390 fast neutron treatments
Mechanical workshop
The workshop did jobs for technical co-operation projects in 26
countries. These included the construction of a remotely controlled
filter changing device, safety and fast shutters for X-ray units to
serve in secondary standard dosimetry laboratories, sample holders
for X-ray fluorescence analysers used in geological prospecting, and
test phantoms for an IARA/WHO liver scanning project.
55
PAPERS PUBLISHED BY STAFF MEMBERS OR PRESENTED ATSCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES IN 1983 AND 1984
Soil Science
AFZA, R., HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., FRIED M., BLUME, W.E.H., "Effectof starter, late soil and foliar fertilizer application of N-15labelled urea on yield and nitrogen fixation of soybean", Proc.Annual Meetings Soil Science Society of America, Washington D.C.,14-19 August 1983, Agronomy Abstracts (1983) 163.
BROESHART, H., KEPPEL H., "A comparison of the uptake of nitrogen fromfertilizer and mulch by apple trees using 1 5N labelling technique,in preparation.
BROESHART, H., "15N tracer techniques for the determination of activeroot distribution and nitrogen uptake by sugarbeet", Proc. Symp.Nitrogen and Sugarbeet, Int. Inst. for Sugarbeet Research, Brussels(1983) 121-124.
BROESHART, H., "Soil nitrogen supply and efficient use of nitrogenfertilizer by sugarbeet in Austrian soils", Proc. Symp. Nitrogen andSugarbeet, Int. Inst. for Sugarbeet Research, Brussels (1983) 125-128.
BRUNNER, H., ZAPATA F., "Quantitative assessment of symbioticdinitrogen fixation in deverse mutant lines of field bean (Vicia fabaminor)", FAO/IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Mutation Breeding forImproved Nitrogen Fixation in Grain Legumes, Vienna, 26-30 September1983, Special Vol. Plant and Soil (G. Hardarson and T.A. Lie, Eds.)(in preparation).
ESKEW, K.L., KUMARASINGHE, K.S., KOVACS, G., ZAPATA, F., "Nitrogenfixation and nitrogen availability of Azolla studies using N-15",ASA-CSSA-SSSA 1984 Annual Meetings, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
FRIED, M., DANSO, S.K.A., ZAPATA, F., "The methodology of measurementof N2 fixation by non-legumes as inferred from field experi-mentsby legumes", Can. J. Microbiol. 29 (1983) 1053-1062.
HARDARSON, G., "Selection for nitrogen fixation associative traitsin legumes", Selection in Mutation Breeding, IAEA (1984) 97-105.
HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A.,"Effect of plant genotypeand nitrogen fertilizer on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybeancultivars", FAO/IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Mutation Breeding forImproved Nitrogen Fixation in Grain Legumes, Vienna, 26-30 September1983, Special Vol. Plant and Soil, (G. Hardarson and T.A. Lie, Eds.)(in preparation).
57
HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "N2 fixation in an alfalfa-ryegrass sward", FAO/IAEA/IG First RCM on the Use of NuclearTechniques in Improving Pasture Management, 7-11 November 1983(in preparation).
HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "Field evaluation of symbioticnitrogen fixation by rhizobial strains using 15N methodology",Final FAO/IAEA/SIDA Research Coordination Meeting on the Use ofIsotopes in Studies on Biological Dinitrogen Fixation, Vienna,22-26 August 1983, Plant and Soil (in press).
HARDARSON, G., ZAPATA, F., DANSO, S.K.A., "Symbiotic nitrogen fixationby soybean varieties as affected by nitrogen fertilizer
application", Advances in Nitrogen Fixation Research, (C.Veerger and W.E. Newton, Eds.) Martinus Nyhoff, Wageningen
(1984) 34.
HARDARSON, G., DANSO, S.K.A., ZAPATA, F, "Biological nitrogen fixationin field crops", Handbook of Plant Science in Agriculture. (B.R.Christie, Eds.), CRC Press, Inc. (in press).
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, "A Guide to the Use of Nitrogen-15and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant Nutrition: Calculations
and Interpretation of Data, (S.K.A. Danso, J.B. Bole and F.Zapata, Eds.), IAEA TECDOC 288, 1983.
KANBER, R., KIRDA, C., "Evaluation of empiric relations for predictionof consumptive use of cotton under Cukurova conditions", DOGA
Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 213-226.
KIRDA, C., CEVIK, B., TULUCU, K., "An empirical relation to estimate
irrigation water requirements of greenhouse tomato crop", DOGA
Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 33-38.
KIRDA, C., ZAPATA, F., HARDARSON, G., REICHARDT, K., "Spatial
variability of soil water status, nitrogen uptake and N2fixation in pasture", ASA-CSSA-SSSA 1984 Annual Meetings, Las
Vegas, Nevada, USA (1984).
KUMARASINGHE, K.S., ZAPATA, F., KOVACS, G., ESKEW, K.L., DANSO, S.K.A.,
"Availability of Azolla N to rice measured by direct and
indirect N-15 labelling", Third International Symposium on
Nitrogen Fixation with Non-legumes, Helsinki, 2-8 September
1984, Special Volume Plant and Soil) (in press).
YESILSOY, S., KIRDA, C., BERKMAN, A., "The chemical properties and claymineralogy of the soils of Seyhan Berdan and Goksu plains", DOGA
Bilim Dergisi, D2 (8) (1984) 73-85.
ZAPATA, F., HARDARSON, G., FRIED, M., BROESHART, H., "Effect of
competition from an associated cereal crop on nitrogen fixation
by a legume crop", 1983 Annual Meetings, Soil Science Society of
America, Washington D.C., 14-19 August 1983, Agronomy Abstracts
(1983).
ZAPATA, F., BROESHART, H., FRIED, M., "A methodology for the agronomic
evaluation of rock phosphate sources by means of radioactive
tracers", 3rd Int. Congress on Phosphorus Compounds, Brussels,
4-7 October 1983 (in press).
58
ZAPATA, F., BROESHART, H., FRIED, M., "Evaluation of plant availableamounts of phosphorus in two rock phosphate materials", 3rd Int.Congress on Phosphorus Compounds, Brussels, 4-7 October 1984 (inpress).
Plant Breeding
BRUNNER, H., "Methods of induction of mutations", Advances in PlantBreeding Methods (GANGULI, P.K., MANDAL, A.K., Eds.).Visra-Bharati Univ., India (in press).
BRUNNER, H., ASHRI, A., "Dynamics in mutagen uptake of EMS and MMS intoseeds of peanut and sesame", Proc. Internatl. Symp. on newGenetical Approaches to Crop Improvement, Karachi, Pakistan (inpress).
DASKALOV, S., MIHAILOV, L., "A new method of pepper hybrid seedproduction based on mutant genes", Proc. VIth Eucarpia Capsicumand Eggplant Meeting, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 131-133.
HERMELIN, T., BRUNNER, H., DASKALOV, S., NAKAI, H., "Chimerism in M1plants of Vicia faba, Capsicum annuum and Linum usitatissimum",IAEA TECDOC-289 (1983) 35-42.
MILKOVA, L., DASKALOV, S., "Lyulin - a hybrid pepper cultivar for
early field production", Proc. Vth Eucarpia Capsicum andEggplant Meeting, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 201.
SIGURBJOERNSSON; B., MICKE, A., DONINI, B., DASKALOV, S., HERMELIN, T.,BRUNNER, H., "Value of radiation for crop improvement. Review",
Proc. 7th Internatl. Congr. Radiat. Res. (1983) 641-651.
SOTIROVA, V., DASKALOV, S., ILIEVA, E., "Use of induced mutationsin developing pepper forms resistant to Phytophthora capsiciLeonian", Proc. Vth Eucarpia Capsicum and Eggplant Meeting,Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1983) 112-126.
BRUNNER, H., F. ZAPATA, "Quantitative assessment of symbiotic nitrogenfixation in diverse mutant lines of field bean (Vicia fabaminor)", Plant and Soil, Supplement (in press). Will also bepublished in Adv. in Agric. Sci.
DASKALOV, S., "Pollen irradiation and gene transfer in Capsicum", Theor.App. Genet. 68 (1984) 135-138.
HERMELIN, T., "Induction and selection of protein mutants in spring wheatat the IAEA Seibersdorf Laboratory", Cereal Grain Improvement,IAEA, Vienna, STI/PUB/664 (1984) 17-23.
Entomology
DE LOACH, J.R., Spates, G.E., Taher, M., "Acidic glycosidoses fromwhole gut of tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis", Comp.Biochem. Physiol., 78A (I) (1984) 27-30.
GRINGORTEN, J.L., "Detector ratio and discriminator-ratio methods in duallabel counting", Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop. 37(9) (1983) 1367.
59
DE LOACH, J.R., Taher, M., "Investigations on development of an artificaldiet for in vitro rearing of Glossina palpalis palpalis", J.Econ. Entomol., 76(5) (1983) 1112-1117.
Agrochemicals
PASCUCCI, C., PERSCHKE, H., VOLLNER, L., "Slow release formulation ofpesticides to increase efficacy and decrease environmentalcontamination in developing countries", International Conferenceon Environmental Hazards of Agrochemicals in DevelopingCountries. In collaboration with Man and Biosphere (MAB)Programme UNESCO-UNEP, November 8-12, 1983. University ofAlexandria, Egypt.
VOLLNER, L., "Controlled release formulations and insecticides forimproved efficacy against tsetse flies", International SymposiumSaarbrucken, FRG, 1-3 May, 1984.
VOLLNER, L., PASCUCCI, C., PERSCHKE, H., "Controlled release formulationof insecticides", Biogeographica (in press).
PASTI, M.B., BELLI, M.L., "Cellulolytic activity of actinomycetes isolatedfrom termites (Termitidae) gut", FEMS Microbiology Letters (inpress).
PERSCHKE, H., VOLLNER, L., "Determination of the trypanocidal drugsEthidium, Samorin and Antrycide in bovine serum or plasma usingHPLC", Acta Tropica (in press).
Chemistry
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison V-9of the Determination of Trace Elements in Cotton Cellulose",IAEA/RL/97 (1983).
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, O., "Report on Intercomparison A-13of the Determination of Trace Elements in Freeze Dried AnimalBlood", IAEA/RL/98 (1983).
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison S-14S-15 and S-16 of the Determination of Uranium and Thorium inThorium Ores", IAEA/RL/101 (1983).
SUSCHNY, O., "Introduction to problems of uranium analysis", Lecturedelivered at the Inter-regional Training Course on UraniumExploration and Evaluation, Skofja Loka, Yugoslavia, 5 Septemberto 7 October 1983, also published as IAEA/RL/102 (1983).
VESELSKY, J.C., MERTEN, D., METZ, H., SAUERZOPF, F., "Zum Plutonium-gehalt des Neusiedler Sees und der Lacken des Seewinkels",BFB-Bericht 47, (1983) 59-63.
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, O., "Report on Intercomparison A-14of the Determination of Some Mineral Components and Radionuclidesin Milk Powder", IAEA/RL/108 (1984).
60
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison
IAEA/Soil-6 of the Determination of Cs-137, Pu-239, Ra-226 and
Sr-90 in Soil", IAEA/RL/ll (1984).
SUSCHNY, 0., "Multi-element standards", Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Instrumental Multi-element Analysis, Julich, 2-5
April 1984, Verlag Chemie (in print).
SUSCHNY, 0., "The Analytical Quality Control Services of the International
Atomic Energy Agency", Proceedings of the International Workshop
on Chemical Analysis Service, Aachen, 5-7 April 1984, Z. Anal.
Chem. (in print).
SUSCHNY, 0., OHNO, S., SHIBATA, S., "The intercomparison programmes of
the International Atomic Energy Agency", Proceedings of the 10th
NIRS Seminar on Environmental Research, Chiba, 9-10 December
1982, Natl. Inst. of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan (1984).
VESELSKY, J.C., "The determination of uranium in minerals by laser fluori-
metry", Anal. Chim. Acta (in prep.).
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparison
IAEA/Soil-7 of the Determination of Trace Elements in Soil",IAEA/RL/112 (1984).
PSZONICKI, L., HANNA, A.N., SUSCHNY, 0., "Report on Intercomparisons
IAEA/S-17, S-18 and S-19 of the Determination of UraniumPhosphate Ores", IAEA/RL/114 (1984).
SUSCHNY, 0., "Determination of environmental radioactivity at two
different concentration levels", Results of two recent IAEA
intercomparisons, Physics Research 223 (1984) 447.
VERA-RUIZ, H., SUSCHNY, 0., PARR, R.M., BULL, P., "Analytical chemistry
programmes of the International Atomic Energy Agency", Inter-
national Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Development,Colombo, Sri Lanka, 21-24 August 1984.
Radiation Dosimetry
BOYD, A.W., EISENLOHR, H.H., "IAEA/WHO 60Co teletherapy dosimetryservice using mailed LiF dosimeters. A survey of resultsobtained during 1975-1982", Med. Phys. 10(4) (1983) 491.
BOYD, A.W., EISENLOHR, H.H., GUSTAFSSON, M., "IAEA/WHO postal doseservice for radiation therapy", Workshop on Quality Assurance inRadiation Therapy, Reisensburg, FRG, 2-7 Dec. 1984.
Medical Applications
PARR, R.M., "Trace elements in human milk", IAEA Bulletin, 25 No. 2 (1983)7-15.
PARR, R.M,, "Survey of currently available reference materials for use inconnection with the determination of trace elements inbiological materials", Report IAEA/RL/103 (1983).
61
PARR, R.M., "IAEA biological reference materials", Chapter 3 of BiologicalReference Materials: Availability, Uses, and Need for Validationof Nutrient Measurement, (Wolf, W.R., Ed.), Wiley, New York(1984).
PARR, R.M., "Quality assurance of trace element analyses, Proceedings ofthe International Symposium on Health Effects and Interactionsof Essential and Toxic Elements", Lund, Sweden, June 1984,Nutrition Research (Special Supplement) (1984).
PARR, R.M., PSZONICKI, L., SUSCHNY, 0., "IAEA programmes relating to traceelements in air pollution", Proceedings of the EMEP Workshop onHeavy Metals, Lillestrom, Norway, August 1984, NorwegianInstitute for Air Research (in print).
PARR, R.M. (ed.), "Quality assurance of biomedical neutron activationanalysis", Analytical Chimica Acta (in print) and IAEA-TECDOC(1984) 323.
ZAGYVAI, P., NAGY, L.Gy., PARR, R.M., "Additional results of the IAEAintercomparison (G-l) of methods for processing Ge(Li) gamma-rayspectra, Radiochemical and Radioanalytical Letters" (in print).
PARR, R.M., "Technical considerations for sampling and sample preparation,Proceedings of the American Nuclear Society Session onStandardization of Collection and Preparation of BiomedicalSamples for Trace Element Analysis", Washington, USA, November1984, NBS Journal of Research (in print).
KOLLMER, W.E., PARR, R.M., "Neutron activation analysis", Chapter 4 ofHandbook of Nuclear Medicine, (Pabst, W., Hoer, G., Kriegel H.,Oeff. K., Eds.), Fischer Verlag (1984).
TAYLOR, C., "Radioisotopes for the treatment of cancer in developingcountries", IAEA Bulletin, Vol 25, No. 2, June 1983
TAYLOR, C., "The Egyptian cancer project:, IAEA Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1March 1984.
Hydrology
OUSMAN, B., FONTES, J.Ch., ARANYOSSY, J.F., JOSEPH, A.U, "Hydrologieisotopique et hydrochimie des aquiferes discontinus de la bandesah6lienne et de l'Air (Niger)", Isotope Hydrology 1983 (Proc.Symp. Vienna, 1983), IAEA, Vienna (1984).
MARGRITE, R., GUIZERIX, J., et al., "Reflexions sur la th&orie destraceurs: Applications en hydrologie isotopique", ibid.
CALMELS, P., GUIZERIX, J. et al. "Methodes de tragage radioactif pourmesurer de tres faibles vitesses de filtration dans un forageprofond et pour determiner la fissuration de la roche", ibid.
ARANYOSSY, J.F. et al. "Origine et alimentation des nappes de la bordurenord-est du Bassin des Illemmenden (Niger): Apport destechniques isotopiques", ibid.
62
ANDREWS, J.N., BALDERER, W., BATH, A.H., CLAUSEN, H.B., EVANS, G.V.,
FLORKOWSKI, T., GOLDBRUNNER, J.E., IVANOVICH, M., LOOSLI, H., ZOJER, H.,"Environmental isotope studies in two aquifer systems: A
comparison of groundwater dating methods", ibid.
DINCER, T., FLORKOWSKI, T., SALAMBA, S., "Discharge measurements of the
river Rufiji (Tanzania) using artificial tritium", ibid.
GUIZERIX, J., FLORKOWSKI, T., Streamflow measurements", Guidebook on
Nuclear Techniques in Hydrology, 2nd edition, IAEA, Vienna
(1983).
YURTSEVER, Y., "Models for tracer data analysis", Guidebook on Nuclear
Techniques in Hydrology, 2nd edition, IAEA, Vienna (1983).
Safeguards analysis
DOUBEK, N., BAGLIANO, G., DERON, S., "Report on intercomparison exercise
SR-54. Determination of Impurities in U3 08", IAEA/RL/110,
(1984).
AIGNER, H., HOLLENTHONER, S., KEROE, E., KUHN, E., DELLE SITE, A.,
ZOIGNER, A., "Experience with automatic uranium titration",
ESARDA Symposium, Versailles, April 1984.
MUELLER, T., DERON, S., SHIMOJIMA, H., ASAKURA, Y., "The third resin
bead experiment at PNC-TRP. Evaluation results", IAEA/RL/106,
(1983).
KUHN, E., DERON, S., WENZEL, U., "The quality of destructive analysis
in safeguards verification. Trends in safeguards analyticalservices", INHH Washington Symposium, July 1984.
63