ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

The Salvation Army

Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the

National Referral Mechanism

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingThe Salvation Army’s History

The Salvation Army has been tackling the issue of Trafficking specifically since 1885, starting in London.

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

European Convention on Action against Trafficking (ECAT)

• Appropriate and secure accommodation

• Psychological and material assistance

• Access to emergency medical treatment

• Translation and interpreting services

• Information and guidance

• Assistance to take part in criminal proceedings

• Access to education for children

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

National coordination of victim care

Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation

Army has been the prime

contractor for managing the

support for adult victims of

trafficking in England and

Wales. It now includes Modern

Slavery.

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingContract Service overview

• Coverage across England and Wales

• Men and women

• Accommodation and support

• Outreach support

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingService overview

• Needs-based service

• Provides support during 45-day reflection and recovery period

• Complements existing sources of support:- Asylum support- Mainstream services- Voluntary sector support

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingEligibility

To be eligible for the service, an individual must be:

• Referred into the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process

• Granted a positive Reasonable Grounds (RG) decision or

• Destitute with RG decision pending

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingEligibility

In addition, the individual must have:

• No other accommodation entitlements

or

• High-level needs that would not be met by accommodation available to them (e.g. support or security needs)

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral line and Process

• 24/7 referral line

• Sources of referrals include:– Police, social services, NHS– NGOs– Self-referrals

• NRM should be offered by First Responder• Welfare assessment (I.A.) is carried out to

determine client needs and risk issues

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingImpact of trafficking

Physical impact

• Lack of access to medical treatment

• Physical injury• Sexual health• Ritual abuse

Psychological impact

• Post-traumatic responses

• Depression/anxiety• Feelings of guilt or

shame• Suicidal ideation

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingImpact of trafficking

Social impact

• Difficulty relating to others• Lack of trust• Dependency• Isolation• Difficulties seeking help

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingTrafficking Indicators

Is the victim in possession of identification and travel documents; if not, who has control of the documents?

Can the victim freely contact friends or family?

Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care or other life necessities?

Does the victim have freedom of movement?

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral process

Referral comes into Contract Office. If possible an interview is conducted by phone to facilitate rapid intervention.This enables:-

• Assessment of eligibility

• Needs and risk assessment

• Identification of suitable provider

• Confirmation of transport arrangements

• Key worker allocated

• Ongoing monitoring and communication

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingNRM Process

Two-stage process

1) First stage is Reasonable Grounds decision

• Should be made within five working days

• Threshold is ‘I suspect but cannot prove’

• Outcome can be positive or negative

• Positive outcome entitles PVoT to 45-day reflection and recovery period

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

2) Second stage is Conclusive Grounds (CG) decision

• Should be made after 45 calendar days

• Threshold is ‘on balance of probabilities’

• Outcome can be positive or negative

NRM Process (cont’d)

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

• NCAPolice forces

• UK Border Force• Home Office Immigration

and Visas• Gangmasters Licensing

Authority• Local Authorities• Health and Social Care

Trusts (Northern Ireland)• Salvation Army• Poppy Project

• Medaille Trust• Kalayaan• Barnardos• Unseen• TARA Project (Scotland)• NSPCC (CTAC)• BAWSO• New Pathways• Refugee Council• Migrant Help

List of First Responders able to conduct NRMs

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

Making appropriate referrals

• Are the three elements of trafficking present?– Recruitment/harbouring/transit– Coercion/deception– Exploitation/intention to exploit

• Are there additional indicators of trafficking?

• Has the client given their informed consent to enter the NRM the process?

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

Trafficking and Modern Slavery - NRM Definition

Modern Slavery

• Covers slavery, servitude and forced compulsory labour and human trafficking

Trafficking involves:

• ACTION (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt, which can include either domestic or cross-border movement); achieved by

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

Indicators of Slavery, servitude or compulsory labour (NRM definition)

There must also have been:

• MEANS (being held through, either physically or through threat of penalty e.g. use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability)

• SERVICE (as a result of the means an individual provides a service for benefit, e.g. begging, sexual service, manual labour, domestic service)

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

Difficulties with disclosure by potential victims when interviewed• Evidence-gathering rather than therapeutic

context

• Can bring up uncomfortable or distressing feelings Potential for re-traumatisation

• Feelings of guilt about surviving or shame that the traumatic event happened to them

• Betrayal of trust common to trafficking experiences can make it difficult for victims to trust anyone - Need for rapport and trust building by First Responder

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingMoving on

• Support to disengage and move on safely– Mainstream services– Asylum system– Voluntary return

• Support can be extended in some cases– Positive CG decision– Ongoing needs related to trafficking

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingChallenges When Organising

Transport

• Short-notice requests• Long-distance journeys• Difficulty anticipating demands• Delays and changes to requests• Language barriers• Forming attachments• Making conversation

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingTrafficking Awareness

Salvation Army Website

• Human Trafficking – The Salvation Army

• About Human Trafficking

• Trafficking Awareness Course

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingYear 3 Overview

• 61% of potential victims we supported were women and 39% were men.

• 889 were supported in 3rd year contract- a 62% increase on the 550 supported in Year 2 and a 135% increase on the 378 supported in Year 1.

• Types of exploitationSexual – 38.47%Labour – 42.18%Domestic Servitude – 9.11%Not known – 10.24%

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral agency figures

Top 5 referring agencies for supported victims in Year 3 of contract:

Police – 333Home Office – 233NGO – 168Self-referral – 42 Legal representative - 35

Including all agencies, 889 referrals were made in Year 3- 511 more than in Year 1 of the contract.

ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral overview

Year 1- 378 referrals

Year 2 – 550 referrals

Year 3 – 889 referrals

ActivelyCombattingTrafficking

The Salvation Army

Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the

National Referral Mechanism