Post on 12-Jan-2016
description
11/16/98
NASA/AM 1
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Accident MitigationAccident MitigationNASA Research in Crashworthiness and Fire PreventionNASA Research in Crashworthiness and Fire Prevention
Douglas A. RohnElement Manager
NASA Lewis Research Center
INTERNATIONAL AIRCRAFT FIRE AND CABINSAFETY RESEARCH CONFERENCE
November 16, 1998
11/16/98
NASA/AM 2
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
•NASA Aviation Safety Program–Accident Mitigation
•Systems Approach to Crashworthiness–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Fire Prevention–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Resources
OutlineOutline
11/16/98
NASA/AM 3
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
• Air traffic is projected to triple over the next 20 Air traffic is projected to triple over the next 20 yearsyears– Air travel may be the safest mode of travel, but even today’s low
accident rate will be unacceptable
• NASA Enabling Technology GoalNASA Enabling Technology Goal– Reduce the aircraft accident rate by a factor of five within 10
years and by a factor of ten within 20 years
• Aviation Safety Program GoalAviation Safety Program Goal– Develop technologies that contribute to reduced aviation fatality
and accident rates by 80% by 2007 and 90% by 2017
• Aviation Safety Program ObjectivesAviation Safety Program Objectives– Eliminate Targeted Accident Categories
– Strengthen Safety Technology Foundation
– Increase Accident Survivability
– Accelerate System Implementation to All Users & Vehicle Classes
NASA Program BackgroundNASA Program Background
11/16/98
NASA/AM 4
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Program OrganizationProgram Organization
Aviation Safety Aviation Safety Program OfficeProgram Office
Mike Lewis (LaRC)Mike Lewis (LaRC)Deputies (ARC, DFRC, LaRC, LeRC)Deputies (ARC, DFRC, LaRC, LeRC)
System-Wide System-Wide Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionDave Foyle (ARC)
System-Wide System-Wide Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionDave Foyle (ARC)
Single Aircraft Single Aircraft Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionJohn White (LaRC)
Single Aircraft Single Aircraft Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionJohn White (LaRC)
Weather Weather Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionRon Colantonio
(LeRC)
Weather Weather Accident Accident
PreventionPreventionRon Colantonio
(LeRC)
Aviation System Aviation System Monitoring & Monitoring &
ModelingModelingYuri Gawdiak (ARC)
Aviation System Aviation System Monitoring & Monitoring &
ModelingModelingYuri Gawdiak (ARC)
Accident Accident MitigationMitigation
Doug Rohn (LeRC)
Accident Accident MitigationMitigation
Doug Rohn (LeRC)
Safety Risk & Benefits Safety Risk & Benefits AnalysisAnalysis
Safety Risk & Benefits Safety Risk & Benefits AnalysisAnalysis
Gov’t/IndustryGov’t/IndustryProgram Leadership Program Leadership
TeamTeam
Office of Aero-Space TechnologyOffice of Aero-Space TechnologyOffice of Aero-Space TechnologyOffice of Aero-Space Technology
Lead Center (LaRC)Lead Center (LaRC)Lead Center (LaRC)Lead Center (LaRC)
11/16/98
NASA/AM 5
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire Prevention
Limit Hazards
Prevent In-Flight Fires
Organizational Cultures
Aircraft Class Unique Issues
Manufacturer Liability Implications
Reduce the Number of Fatalities Given that an Accident Occurs
Prevent Post-Crash Fires
Systems Approach to Crashworthiness
Reduce In-flight Fires
Increase Survivability of Post-Crash Fires
Increase Survivability of Accidents
Crashworthy Designs
Adverse Economics
GoalGoal
ObjectivesObjectives
ChallengesChallenges
ApproachApproach
ProjectsProjects
Increase Human Survivability of Aviation AccidentsIncrease Human Survivability of Aviation Accidents
Accident MitigationAccident Mitigation
11/16/98
NASA/AM 6
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Accident Mitigation BackgroundAccident Mitigation Background
• Despite improvements, accidents still happen– For transports*: 43% involve serious injury/fatality;
45% of those are survivable– In-flight fires account for 5% of all fatalities*
• Technology needed to increase survivability– Reduce hazards (due to crash and/or fire)– Allow more time for escape– Eliminate/detect in-flight fires
• Focused to all aircraft classes– Fuel fire prevention to fires involving Jet-A
* worldwide, 1959 - 1995 data, from Boeing/ASIST
11/16/98
NASA/AM 7
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Accident Mitigation“Increase Human Survivability of
Aviation Accidents”
SystemsApproach to
Crashworthiness
SystemsApproach to
Crashworthiness
FirePrevention
FirePrevention
• Prediction Methodologies • Structures, Materials, Interiors, &
Restraints• Crash Resistant Fuel Systems
• Detection• Suppression• Inerting/Oxygen• Fire-Safe Fuels• Materials
Accident Mitigation Sub-ElementsAccident Mitigation Sub-Elements
11/16/98
NASA/AM 8
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
•NASA Aviation Safety Program
•Accident Mitigation
•Systems Approach to Crashworthiness–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Fire Prevention–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Resources
11/16/98
NASA/AM 9
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Accident Data & Characteristics
• Transports, survivable accidents*:
–23% of fatalities due to impact alone
–50% of fatalities due to combination of impact injury and fire
• GA: low altitude, low airspeed
• Rotorcraft has made gains in crashworthiness
* worldwide, 1959 - 1995 data, from Boeing/ASIST
11/16/98
NASA/AM 10
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Background
• NASA involvement–have been working other US government agencies and
industry to improve crashworthiness for 20+ years
• Systems approach is required–Survivability in a crash is a function of
> flight conditions at impact> impact surface> airframe response> seat response and restraint system performance > occupant response
–Significant interaction between these contributing elements
11/16/98
NASA/AM 11
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Approach
• Focus: Limit crash hazard–Analytic tools
> Provide significant data on the injury mechanisms, injury criteria and crash criteria for typical crashes
> Provide analysis methodology for optimizing crashworthiness system
–Seats, restraints, energy absorption> Provide material handbooks and design guides> Work with industry to produce hardware and test
• Focus: Limit post-crash fire hazard–Crash Resistant Fuel Systems to reduce spillage
> Transfer existing technology (example DoD Crash Resistant Fuel Systems )
11/16/98NASA/AM 12
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Present
Validated AnalysisValidated AnalysisMethodologyMethodology
Crash-Resistant FuelCrash-Resistant FuelSystemsSystems
Advanced RestraintsAdvanced RestraintsEnergy-AbsorbingEnergy-AbsorbingStructural ConceptsStructural Concepts
Increase human survivabilityIncrease human survivability
Future
Airbags
FUELSPILL
11/16/98
NASA/AM 13
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
AvSP Phase IAvSP Phase I2.5.12.5.1
Roadmap
L3 Milestone Decision Pt.m nL2 Milestone
Comparison Modeling
FY 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Pre - AvSP
Prediction Methodologies
Structures, Materials Interiors, & Restraints
Crash Resistant Fuel Systems
Fuel System Evaluation
New Concepts Testing
Data Compilation for Transfer
4
Definition and Design New Fuel System Concepts
610
7
8
1
Test New Fuel System Concepts
11
97
Rotorcraft FEM
GA-FEM
Downselected Code
Evaluation for Enhancement
1
Rotorcraft - FEMsGA -FEMs
2
GA - 2nd Gen. FEMCommuter FEM
Iterative CodeValidation and Enhancement
3
GA/Rotor TestGA - Test
Crash System Evaluation
Rotorcraft Test
Code Validation TestingNew Concepts Design
Industry “Help” Materials
5 6
4
3
Blue - GARed - RotorcraftYellow - Commuter/TransportPurple - GA and RotorcraftGreen - multiple categories
Evaluate Codes & Downselect
Validation of 1st Generation Codes/ Enhancement and Update
input from Fire Prevention
Concepts to Limit Fires Post-Crash Fire
Mitigation Demo
Structural CrashAnalysis Tools
Transport Crash Design Guide - Vol. 1
Advanced Protection Concepts
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
11/16/98
NASA/AM 14
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Planned Milestones
• Proof-of-concept of technology & characteristics to limit fuel spill in post crash (4Q/FY01)
• Analysis tools for structural crashworthiness prediction (4Q/FY02)
• Advanced concepts to protect human body during crash (4Q/FY03)
• Demonstrate technology to eliminate/mitigate effects of post-crash fire (4Q/FY04)
• Transport Crash Design Guide (Vol. 1) (4Q/FY04)
11/16/98
NASA/AM 15
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Current Status• NASA Funded Research
–Pre-AvSP begun–NASA/FAA co-funded activities in Crash Resistant Fuel Systems
and analysis methodology work–NASA/AGATE alliance (GA)–Ongoing cooperation with Army at LaRC–GA/Rotorcraft/NASA have established relationships (no formal
documents but lots of contacts)
11/16/98
NASA/AM 16
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Systems Approach to CrashworthinessSystems Approach to Crashworthiness
Challenges• Technology Readiness
–Dynamic analysis codes that can handle composite materials–Developing dynamic testing for components that are
representative of the actual environment–Developing human injury criteria–Crash Resistant Fuel Systems technology that is not a weight
penalty
• Implementation Readiness–Certification methods, regulations, and standards may be
necessary–Affordability and retrofitability
11/16/98
NASA/AM 17
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
•NASA Aviation Safety Program
•Accident Mitigation
•Systems Approach to Crashworthiness–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Fire Prevention–Background, Approach, Milestones, Status
•Resources
11/16/98
NASA/AM 18
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
Accident Data & Characteristics• Survivable transport crashes *:
–27% of fatalities due to fire and gases–50% of fatalities due to combination of impact injury and
fire/gases
• In-flight fires account for 5% of all fatalities• Ground maintenance mishaps
* worldwide, 1959 - 1995 data, from Boeing/ASIST
11/16/98
NASA/AM 19
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire Prevention Fire Prevention
Background• NASA involvement
–Combustion for propulsion systems–Micro-gravity combustion, detection, and suppression
• Two fire issues, both related to fuel or non-fuel combustion–Post-accident: overcome by smoke; fire itself– In-flight fire/explosion, including detection & suppression
> Also ground maintenance mishaps
11/16/98
NASA/AM 20
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire Prevention Fire Prevention
Approach• Focus: Limit fire hazards
–Fire-safe fuels> Evaluate concepts & develop fuel additives/mods for tank flammability
–Materials> Evaluate low heat release materials for cabin interiors
• Focus: Prevent in-flight/non-crash fires–Fuel mods or inerting
> Evaluate concepts & develop fuel additives/mods for post-crash fires> Develop on-board inert gas/oxygen generation systems for commercial
applications of tank inerting & on-demand (stored & generated) oxygen
–Low-false-alarm detection> Develop design criteria for low false-alarm detection
–Suppression> Leverage Halon replacement technology as available; consider other
suppression concepts
11/16/98NASA/AM 21
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Low Heat-Release MaterialsLow Heat-Release Materials On-Board Inert Gas GenerationOn-Board Inert Gas Generation
DetectionDetection SuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppression
FALSEALARM
MICRO-FABGAS DETECTORS
LEVERAGENON-HALON
APPLICATIONS
Fire-Safe FuelsFire-Safe FuelsFire-Safe FuelsFire-Safe Fuels
Increase accident survivability & prevent in-flight fires
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
11/16/98
NASA/AM 22
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
AvSP Phase IAvSP Phase I2.5.22.5.2 FY 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Pre - AvSP
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
Identify & evaluateconcepts
Roadmap
L3 Milestone Decision Pt.L2 Milestone
Eval. OBIGGS/OBOGS Concept
Detection
Inerting/Oxygen
Experimental characterizationof fuels, mods, & additives
Fire-SafeFuels
Materials
Suppression
Evaluate systemdesign concepts
Evaluate low false alarms inrepresentative fire conditions
Des./Dev prototypes: combinedsystem and/or separate
Definerequirements
Prototype demonstration
in post-crash environment Experiments for database &
scale-up characteristics.
System demo in simulatedin-flight conditions
Demonstratenon-Halon effectiveness
Assess Halon-replacementsEvaluate alternate methods
for commercial appl.
Evaluate thermally-stablepolymer samples
Breadboard & screen sensors Ground tests & transfer concepts to ind.2
4
Des. prototype.concepts
m
1
3
765
9
B
8
10 11
5
6
2
1
n
input from Crashworthiness
Note: OBIGGS/OBOGS = On-board inert-gas/oxygen generation system
Design Criteria for Low False-Alarm
Concepts to Limit Fires
In-Flight Fuel Flammability Reduction Demo
Post-Crash Fire Mitigation Demo
Detection Design Concepts
11/16/98
NASA/AM 23
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
Planned Milestones
• Proof-of-concept of technology & characteristics to limit fuel flammability in post crash (4Q/FY01)
• Design criteria for reliable, low-false-alarm fire detection systems (4Q/FY01)
• Demonstrate technology to prevent in-flight fuel-related fire/explosion (4Q/FY04)
• Demonstrate technology to eliminate/mitigate effects of post-crash fire (4Q/FY04)
11/16/98
NASA/AM 24
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
Current Status• NASA Funded Research
–Pre-AvSP begun–NASA: leverage & expand ongoing research
> Combustion¤ Propulsion & Fuels¤ Micro-gravity
> Materials development¤ Structural¤ High-temperature
–FAA Participation: detection; inerting; fuels– Industry: plan to get involved with active vendors
11/16/98
NASA/AM 25
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
Fire PreventionFire Prevention
Challenges• Technology Readiness
–Detection discrimination between fire and non-fire sources–Practical products to prevent fuel explosions/fires–Light-weight, high volume on-board inert gas/oxygen
generation systems –Low heat-release materials in economic, large quantities–Effective, light-weight alternate suppression systems
• Implementation Readiness–Economic barriers: cost, weight, infrastructure
11/16/98
NASA/AM 26
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
ResourcesResources
• NASA funds: $36.8M– Cost-share assumed for some activities
> Industry: in-kind (hardware) for crash tests> FAA R&D: co-funded fuel system crash tests & in-kind fire
prevention test support
• Facilities– NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility
– NASA-LeRC Combustion Labs
– FAA-Tech Center Crash & Fire Facilities
• Partnerships– Strong participation of FAA Tech Center
– AGATE cooperation for early products in GA Crashworthiness
– Working on industry partners; leverage with DoD
– International ?
Planning & Rationale
11/16/98
NASA/AM 27
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program
dar
• Systems Approach to Crashworthiness and Fire Prevention contribute to NASA safety goal
• Technical content focused to reduce accident effects in order to enhance survivability; plus prevention–Crash dynamics, human protection, post-crash fire, in-
flight fire
• Technical & implementation hurdles recognized
• Preparing to execute–Finalizing plans; establishing cooperation
SummarySummary