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ABSORPTION OF DRUG FROM NON PER ORAL ROUTE &

METHOD OF DETERMINING ABSORPTION

DIPAK KUMAR DASH

M.PHARM PHARMACEUTICS

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INTRODUCTION The majority of drug are administered generally orally.But in some cases it is not good route of administration.For reason like patient non compliance, first pass effect, immediate drug action etc. In that cases other route are preferable. EX-Intramuscular

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MAJOR NON PER ORAL ROUTES ARE

1. BUCCAL/SUBLINGUAL2. TOPICAL3. INTRAMUSCULAR4. SUBCUTANEOUS5. RECTAL6. PULMONARY7. INTRANASAL8. INTRAOCULAR9. VAGINAL10. INTRA VEINOUS

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BUCCAL/SUBLINGUAL ADMINISTRATION

Drug places between tongue incase of sublingual.Drug places between cheek and gum in case of buccal.Barrier to drug absorption in this route is epithelium of oral mucosa.

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SUBLINGUAL

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FACTOR TO BE CONSIDER

Lipophilicity of drugSalivary secretionPh of saliva Binding to oral mucosaStorage compartmentThickness of oral epithelium

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TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION

As self-contained discrete dosage form which when applied to the intact skin deliver the drug's through the skin, at controlled rate to the systemic circulation. SKIN is the largest organ in body.Principal barrier is stratum corneum.

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SKIN STRUCTURE

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THE SKIN SITE

DR

UG

S

Epidermis

PERMEATION

BLOOD CIRCULATION

UPTAKE

Dermis

Sub dermal tissue

STRATUM CORNEUM

CAPILLARY LAYER

A MULTI LAYER SKIN MODEL SHOWING THE SEQUENCE OF

TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION OF DRUG

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FACTOR TO CONSIDERThickness of stratum corneum.Presence of hair folicleTraumaHydration of skinAgeGrooming Vehicle or baseEnvironmental humidity and temperature

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INTRAMUSCULARAbsorption of drug from intramuscular relatively rapid.Factor to consideroVascularity of injection siteoLipid solubilityoMolecular sizeoVolume of injectionoViscosity of injection vehicle

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INTRAMUSCULAR

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SITES OF INTRAMUSCULAR

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SUBCUTANEOUSAbsorption of drug from subcutaneous site slower than the intramuscular site.Rate of absorption from this site can increase by.1. Enhancing blood flow to the

injection site2. Increasing drug tissue contact area

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COMPARISION

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RECTAL ROUTE

Diminished popularity due to psychology.Important route for children and older person.Drug given as suppositories or solution.Absorption from solution is better.Presence of fecal matter in rectum retard absorption of drug.

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PULMONARY ADMINISTRATION

Drugs intended for systemic effect can be administer by inhalation.Rapid exchange of gases between blood and inspired air occur.Drug administer as gases and aerosol.As large surface area of alveoli and rich perfusion permit extremely rapid absorption.Particle size of drop let should small 0.6 micron.

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INTRA NASAL ADMINISTRATION

Drug absorption from nasal mucosa is rapid as observe after parenteral administration.Route also treat local symptoms like nasal congestion , rhinitis.Absorption depend upon drug lipophilicity. factor to be consider pH and pathological condition.EX-ANTIHISTAMINS

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INTRA OCCULAR ADMINISTRATION

Drug applied in conjunctival sac.Barrier is cornea.Higher ph decrease tear promote absorption.Eye can hold 10micro liter of fluid.

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VAGINAL ADMINISTRATION

Drug given for contraception, for bacterial and fungal infection.Vaginal duct is 7.5-9cm long.Mechanism of transport is passive diffusion.Example of drug-steroidal drug.

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INTRAVEINOUS

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IN VITRO METHOD FOR ABSORPTION STUDY

By dissolution study.Types of apparatus1. Paddle type2. Basket typeMethod of dissolution• Rotating basket method• Paddle method• Reciprocating cylinder method• Flow through cell method• Paddle open disc method• Cylinder method• Reciprocating disc method

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INSITU METHOD

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INVIVO METHOD

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REFERENCES22-44Milo Glibaldi Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmaceutics, Reprint 2006 , 4thEdn published by Pharma book syndicate Hydrabad, page number 24-32Robert E.Notari Biopharmaceutics and clinical Pharmaceutics, Second Indian reprint 2008, CBS Publisher and distributors New Delhi, Page no. Leon Shargel /Andrew B.C. YU. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutics, 4th Edn 1999, Published by McGraw-Hill companies New York, page no. 99-108

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D.M. Brahmankar and Sunil B. Jaiswal, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: A Treatise.

1995, 1st Edn, Published by M. K. Jain for Vallabh Prakashan AP-

53A, Pitampura, New Delhi-110034; Page numbers 5-16.

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