Post on 08-Apr-2016
description
About modes of wAlking
An explorational study on walking by Christoph Kollert
Poetry and Politics of Walking: Pedestrians‘ Perspectives on the CityVertr. Prof. Dr. Steffen de Rudder, Dipl.-Geogr. Susanne Frank, Dipl.-Ing. Srdjan Mandic
What influences walking ?
Are there different modes of walking? different modes of wAlking
Observing walking speed and different paces
42-45 sec. 47-49 sec. 50-52 sec. 52-53 sec.
straight,with purpose
some with accesoaire:- bag, - dog, - child,- shopping bag - etc.
How does walking vary in a unspecivic space?Measured time for a distance of 47m on Theaterplatz in Weimar, Germany
fAst wAlking sPeed
Are there different modes of walking? Different moDes of walking
Observing walking speed and different paces
25-37 sec.
- straight,- with purpose,- with bag- very focused
- Couple or elderly
60-71 sec.
With:- ice cream,- buggy, - smart phone
without strong focus and wayfinding
95-115 sec.
fAst wAlking sPeed
slow wAlking sPeed
slrolling & roAming
How does walking vary in a unspecivic space?Measured time for a distance of 47m on Theaterplatz in Weimar, Germany
Are there different modes of walking? Different moDes of walking
Observing walking speed and different paces
Data indicates different modes of walking, i.e. that pedestrians might-choose different speeds to move through the space. How we walk seems to be more related with the mode, purpose and charakter of our walk. [the collected data supports only presumptions, for more elaborated results, further research is needed]
Pedestrians can be grouped according to their speed:
Identified modes of walking
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Überquerungsdauer [s]
Überquerungsdauer Theaterplatz
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Überquerungsdauer Theaterplatz
average speed:
= 50s/47m = 3,4 km/h
Fast Normal
focused
Slow Strolling
countedenteties
Time
Different moDes of walking
Observing walking speed and different paces
The data indicates, that the modes of walking [i.e. speed] correlate strongly with the purpose of the walk. The purpose is in this case main-ly connected to the properties of the pedestrians [Accessoires].Weaker correlations to „group size“ and „age“ can also be identified.
Walking speed shows correlation to purpose, charakter and acces-soire of the walking pedestrians:
Relation of walking mode and purpose
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Kaffee Tüte Rad Tasche Hund ohne Gegenstand
Kamera Kinderwagen Eis
durchschni)liche
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Accessoire
Überquerungsdauer nach Accessoire
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durchschni)liche
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rungsdau
er [s]
Accessoire
Überquerungsdauer nach Accessoire
Cofffee plastic carrier bag
Bike Bag Dog without anything
Camera Babybuggy
Ice cream
Time
Accessoire
Different moDes of walking
Observing walking speed and different paces
The psychological basis of the metropolitan type of individuality consists in the intensification of nervous stimulation which results from the swift and uninterrupted change of outer and inner stimuli.
Georg Simmel, 1903 The Metropolis and Mental Life
What influences walking?literAture & theoriy
Overview of thoughs, theories on walking
Wayfinding:Lively streets
Katzig&Popp, 2012, Unterwegs in fremden Umgebungen
... unter dem Begriff des wayfin-ding sowohl die kognitive als auch die sich im konkreten Verhal-ten ausdrückende Fähigkeit einer Person betrachtet, ein räumli-ches Ziel zu erreichen (Passini 1984: 154). Wayfinding wird dabei als einräumlicher Problemlösungs-prozess verstanden (vgl. Passini 1996: 322)...
Praxiological model according to Katzig&Popp:
Jan Gehl Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, Danish Architectural Press. 2006
Cities for People, Island Press. 2010
In general:
Stimulationg edges improve wal-king and experience. Interesting and attractive streets triggers people to stroll and to stay.
Liveliness and other people in-crease the quality of the street asmosphere.
Accessable, well designed streets, /walkable streets are used more often by pedestrians
PracticalKnowledge
ActualPerformance
-> GEHL
-> SIMMEL
-> HUMPERT
Perceived Environment
Literature & theoriy
Overview of thoughs, theories on walking
What influences walking?
Metropolis & Mental lifeGeorg Simmel, 1903,
Volume 5. Wilhelmine Germany and the First World War, 1890-1918Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903)
Blase attitude/protective organ
... This incapacity to re-act to new stimulations with the required amount of energy constitutesin fact that blasé atti-tude which every child of a large city evinces when compared with the products of the more peaceful and more stable milieu...
Rationality
... The calculating exac-tness of practical life which has resulted from a money economy corres-ponds to the ideal of na-tural science, namely that of transforming the world into an arithmetical pro-blem and of fixing every one of its parts in a ma-thematical formula. It has been money economy which has thus filled the daily life ...
... Thereby, the interests of eachparty acquire a relentless matter-of-factness, and its rationally calculated economic egoism...
Social circles
The most elementary sta-ge of social organizati-on which is to be found historically, as well as in the present, is this: a relatively small circ-le almost entirely closed against neighboring for-eign or otherwiseantagonistic groups but which has however within itself such a narrow co-hesion that the individu-al member has only a very slight area for the de-velopment of his own qua-lities and for free acti-vity for which he himself is responsible. ...
Groups close against environment
Members adjust
Practikal life/rationality produces mechanismsinterests produce relentless-ness
Overstimulation, stress, influences produce the blasé attitude / Protective organ
What influences walking?Literature & theoriy
Overview of thoughs, theories on walking
Vorwegkontrolle
Klaus Humpert, 2012, Lauf-spuren, 2012
Die permanenten Pendelbewegungen zwischen der Fernnavigation (Blick-fenster I) und der „vorsichtigen“ Bodenkontrolle (Blickfenster II) konnten durch ein kleines Ex-periment noch weiter bestätigt werden.
Das Experiment zeigt, dass die genaue Kontrolle unseres Vorfelds in der Verlängerung unserer Lauf-linie offensichtlich ein sehr wich-tiges und notwendiges Verhaltens-muster ist.
Feldversuch
Manipulation der Dauer der Sichtintervalle
Nun war der Beobachter höchst neugierig, ob bei der Entdeckung der Sichtintervalle und ihrer unterschiedlichen Dauer eine all-gemeine Gesetzmäßigkeit vorliegt.Die permanenten Pendelbewegungen zwi-schen der Fernnavigation (Blickfenster I) und der „vorsichtigen“ Bodenkontrolle (Blickfenster II) konnten durch ein kleines Experiment noch weiter bestätigt werden. Nur durch einen kleinen Trick wurden die Rahmenbedingungen verändert: Der Läufer verbietet sich selbst, dem pen-delnden Blickwechsel zu folgen und hält starr an der Fernbeobachtung oder an der Bodenkontrolle fest. Dieser innere Befehl ist leicht zu geben und anfänglich auch einzuhalten, jedoch nur mit großer An-strengung länger durchzuhalten. Ein ei-genartiges Unbehagen erfasst den Läufer und führt fast zu einer Stresssituation. Er bittet geradezu seine inneren Befehlsge-ber, endlich wieder die alternative Beob-achtung zuzulassen. Sobald diese wieder zugelassen wird, tritt sofort eine ange-nehme Entspannung ein. Es ist praktisch nicht möglich, die Teststrecke – nur mit dem Blick auf den Zielpunkt ausgerichtet – zurückzulegen. Das Experiment zeigt, dass die genaue Kontrolle unseres Vorfelds in der Verlän-gerung unserer Lauflinie offensichtlich ein sehr wichtiges und notwendiges Verhal-tensmuster ist.
Läufer mit Blickfenster
Sichtintervalle
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Both short distance and long distance are alernately observed.
Path is constantly optimized and reduced to the shortest distance.
Wayfinding follows a long distance goal
Walking results in a programatic performance
What influences walking?
Feldversuch
Manipulation der Dauer der Sichtintervalle
Nun war der Beobachter höchst neugierig, ob bei der Entdeckung der Sichtintervalle und ihrer unterschiedlichen Dauer eine all-gemeine Gesetzmäßigkeit vorliegt.Die permanenten Pendelbewegungen zwi-schen der Fernnavigation (Blickfenster I) und der „vorsichtigen“ Bodenkontrolle (Blickfenster II) konnten durch ein kleines Experiment noch weiter bestätigt werden. Nur durch einen kleinen Trick wurden die Rahmenbedingungen verändert: Der Läufer verbietet sich selbst, dem pen-delnden Blickwechsel zu folgen und hält starr an der Fernbeobachtung oder an der Bodenkontrolle fest. Dieser innere Befehl ist leicht zu geben und anfänglich auch einzuhalten, jedoch nur mit großer An-strengung länger durchzuhalten. Ein ei-genartiges Unbehagen erfasst den Läufer und führt fast zu einer Stresssituation. Er bittet geradezu seine inneren Befehlsge-ber, endlich wieder die alternative Beob-achtung zuzulassen. Sobald diese wieder zugelassen wird, tritt sofort eine ange-nehme Entspannung ein. Es ist praktisch nicht möglich, die Teststrecke – nur mit dem Blick auf den Zielpunkt ausgerichtet – zurückzulegen. Das Experiment zeigt, dass die genaue Kontrolle unseres Vorfelds in der Verlän-gerung unserer Lauflinie offensichtlich ein sehr wichtiges und notwendiges Verhal-tensmuster ist.
Läufer mit Blickfenster
Sichtintervalle
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Literature & theoriy
Overview of thoughs, theories on walking
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences
Case Study I. „Pilse“ 14.12.2014
1 person:
steady rhythm, continuity, undistructed
walking clearly, experienceablevery clear, mechanic walking pace
praxiologic approach: walking mode + environment
Walking strongly adjusted to environment.
Walking programm steering mo-vement.
minimal exchange with/attention for Environment
This mode is very programatic!
Place:Pilse, Erfurt
Time:7:00-10:00am15:00-20:00pm
Typical purpose:to/from train station
Walking mode:functional, steady,
fast, in a hurry
Focus:on direct front,
optimizing pathway
Environment:low attention
well known environmentlow excitement, functional
steady pace
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences
2 persons:
steady rhythm, continuityundistructed,
walkers syncronize paceSyc stronger when not talking
clear, focused pace
focus at walking/talking part-ner,small social circle (Simmel)
Walkers sync paceGroups walk introverted (specially when not talking)
Case Study I. „Pilse“ 14.12.2014
Typical purpose:to/from train station
Walking mode:functional, steady,
while wakling
Focus:on direct front,
pathway
Environment:low attention
well known environmentlow excitement, functional
high voice
not syncedsynced pace
low voice
Place:Pilse, Erfurt
Time:7:00-10:00am15:00-20:00pm
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences
Typical purpose: to/from train station
Walking mode: functional, in a hurry
Focus: highliy focused on direct front,in between ped., avoiding tram & collision
Environment: Stressy, Overflow
no steady rhythm, experienced
continuity, but adjusted to di-structions
walking blends into daily bustle
constant awareness of possib-le challenges and dangers, thus less awareness of surroundings
rational walking pace, avoiding collitions on auto modus
> taxis (the reaction of an orga-nism in response to a stimulus)
Simmel: Protective organ!Humpert: auto modus,programatic constant adjustments. Katzig&Popp: stesssfull athm.
Place:Bahnhofs-straße, Erfur
Time:7:00-10:00am 15:00-20:00pm
Case Study II „Bahnhofsstr.“ 14.12.2014
Tram noise
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences Typical purpose:
going home/groceries
Walking mode:functional, focused
inbetween obstacles
Focus:on direct front,
finding way through the ppl.
Environment:directed walking through crowd
distance points as goal
no steady rhythm, experienced, stop-and-gofighting throug the crowd
heavily influenced by various dis-tructions (noise, pushing, Glühwein)
pedestrian as part of the crowd
constant awareness of possible challenges and dangers high awareness of surroundings! -> less freedom -> aggression!very active rational walking,
Simmel: Relentlessness! Rationality Stress/stimulation leads to rati-onality,agressionHumpert: adjusting to distance goalPopp&Katzig: walking constantly adjusted to environment.
Place: Weniger-markt, Erfurt
Time:18:00-21:00pm
Case Study III „Wenigermarkt“ 14.12.2014
loud voices
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences
Typical purpose: going home/groceries
Walking mode: functional, focused,
Focus: on direct front, finding way through the people
2 persons:slower rhythm, stop-and-go following the stream walking & looking around -> strong experiences - walking very programatic
very introverted walkingbut wide perception, curiositywalking and way-choosingsubconcious, less fast&risky
Simmel: high stimulation, less ratoinal & effecti-ve walking mode. Protective organ „opened“ K&P: Athmosphere influences walking mode.Humpert: automatic way-optimizing Gehl: Edges & people = walkability
Place:Weniger-markt, Erfurt
Time:18:00-21:00pm
Case Study IV „Kraemerbruecke“14.12.2014
Other groupsTalking
faster, synced pace
when going down
Analysis
Location
Case studies
Analyzing daily walking experiences
Typical purpose:going home alone
Walking mode:functional, focused
introverted/virtual
Focus:smartphone,distance goal
low short distance attention
Environmentno perception, (ear-plugs)
not aware
?unconcious rhythm, (adjusted to music [eaphones])
Perception of the environment totally reduced to minimum
long distance navigation,minimal short distance taxis
Walking totally on subconcious minimal auto mode [programatic].
Simmel: no outside stimulationtotal protectionHumpert: walking reduced to minimun modeP&R: praxiology highly dis-tructed, als environmental perception is missing
Place: Inner city, Erfurt
Time:18:00-23:00pm
Case Study V „Smartphone“14.12.2014
Melody
base drum
beat drops
Walking on these streets, until the night falls, my life feels to me like the life they have. By day
they’re full of meaningless activity; by night, they’re full of
meaningless lack of it. By day I am nothing, and by night I am I. There is no difference bet-ween me and these streets, save they being streets and I a soul,
which perhaps is irrelevant when we consider the essence of things.
Fernando Pessoa, from „A Factless Autobiography“
in The Book of Disquiet, tr. by Richard Zenith.
Stimulation,FocuS vs ExpEriEncing
How stimulation and perception influences walking
Considerations
Stimulation,FocuS vs ExpEriEncing
How stimulation and perception influences walking
Considerations
Important purpose
conkrete destination
Concious walking
Automatic walkingprogramatic walking
Blasé
Taking a walk
Walking the dog
Tourists
Running
Agressiv
FleeingEscaping
Walking home
Walking withsmart phone
Walking & Talking
Enjoying steet life
Flaneur
Police on patrol
Derivé
Commuting in morning traffic
no purpose / Strolling
no destination / lost
Experiencing the environment
Focused / undisctructed
Desctructed / stimulatedNot experiencing the Environment
Poetry and Politics of Walking: Pedestrians‘ Perspectives on the CityVertr. Prof. Dr. Steffen de Rudder, Dipl.-Geogr. Susanne Frank, Dipl.-Ing. Srdjan Mandic
The diversity of walkingimPortAnCe for urbAn design
What can urban designers learn form this study?
Importance for urban desIgn
What can urban designers learn form this study?
Pedestrinans have individual walking modesPedestrians, aswell as their act of walking, is very diverse!
walking is influenced by many different factorsBut the main factors are the purpose and the environment.
Designing complex spaces for walking needs complex solutions.„Zoning and paving is not enough!“
[Opening and sherpening your senses makes you aware of your environment and there makes you a better designer.]
walking differs in stimulation and PercePtion The combination of both distinguishes the modes of walking.
the city needs to accomodate all Pedestriansand their choosen modes of walking. All modes might appear everywere.
Thus, public space needs to be multicoded and multylayered.
The diversity of walking