Post on 05-Jan-2016
description
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY:
Study of psychological disorders
Difficult to define due to situation/culture/time
4 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ABNORMALITY:
1. Maladaptive: affects ability to live everyday
2. Disturbing: to person and others3. Unusual: not shared by many people4. Irrational: it doesn’t make sense to the
average person
DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:
Legal term, not a psychological one
-not guilty and can’t be held responsible for actions because of a mental illness-rare
INSANITY:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A-Block_at_Alcatraz_(2206096229).jpg
-each psychological perspective has a different point of view
-Biological: genetic, chemical imbalances, brain structure
-Psychodynamic: unconscious repression-Behavioral: learning-normal or abnormal-Cognitive: maladaptive, illogical thinking-Humanistic: poor self-esteem, self-concept
CAUSES OF DISORDERS:
Combines biological, psychological, and sociocultural and they interact with one another to cause disorders
Mental illness=a combination of the 3
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL:
Genetically predisposed
Poor impulse control Sent to war Substance use
disorder
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)-2000
-American Psychiatric Association
-handbook to diagnose disorders
-diagnosis based on symptoms
-about 250 disorders
DIAGNOSING DISORDERS:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/DSM-IV-TR.jpg
Assess a person on all 5 axes:
DSM AXIS SYSTEM:
Axis I: Clinical Disorders
• Contains almost all major disorders including: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia
Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
• Enduring, relatively stable disorders
Axis III: General Medical Conditions
• Illnesses that may have impact on mental health
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
• Problems person may have that might affect diagnosis or treatment, like employment, living situation
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
• Scale of 1-100 on overall functioning. 100=functioning well
Purpose is to provide consistency and accuracy to diagnosing of disorders-controversial
-no tests prove disorder-like cancer/diabetes-Labeling creates some consistency, but also
stigma-once have one, creates preconceived bias in others and self
David Rosehan Study: pretend to hear voices, when hospitalized, stopped pretending, but still seen as ill by hospital staff
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY:
CATEGORIES TO BE DISCUSSED:
-Anxiety disorders
-Somatoform disorders
-Dissociative disorders
-Affective disorders
-Schizophrenic disorders
-Personality disorders
-Developmental disorders
TYPES OF DISORDERS:
Excessive or unrealistic anxiety
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nervous.jpg/640px-Nervous.jpg
-tension, agitation, apprehension, sweating, muscle tension, increased heart rate and blood pressure, worry, distractibility, rumination
ANXIETY DISORDERS:
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD):Obsession:
persistent, unwanted thoughts
Compulsion: ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly, done to reduce anxiety created by obsessions http://commons.wikimed: ritualistic behaviors ia.org/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpg
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD):
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Signs_and_Symptoms_of_Anxiety,_Wikiversity_Motivation_and_emotion,_Slide_3.jpg
Irrational, intense fear of specific stimuli that causes a compelling desire to avoid that stimuliCommon phobias:agoraphobia: public spaces
arachnophobia: spidersacrophobia: heightsclaustrophobia: tight spacessocial phobia: embarrassing self in social situation
PHOBIAS:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spider-phobia.jpg
PANIC DISORDER: repeated attacks of intense anxiety with no apparent cause and can happen at any time.
-can last minutes or hours-associated with agoraphobia
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: less intense but persistent (at least 6 months) anxiety
-no specific situation, difficulty concentrating and sleeping, irritability
OTHER ANXIETY DISORDERS:
Physical symptoms caused by psychological problems, and cannot have a physiological cause
CONVERSION DISORDER: loss of bodily function, blind or deaf or paralyzed, without any physical damage-patient indifferent
HYPOCHONDRIASIS: unrealistic interpretation of physical symptoms as a serious illness
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS:
Involves a break in consciousness, memory or a person’s sense of identity
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA: loss of memory-must be psychological/not physical in cause-traumatic eventDISSOCIATIVE FUGUE: loss of personal
memory, flight from home, and establish new identity
-caused usually by major stress, or immediate danger of embarrassing news
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS:
2 or more distinct personalities are present in the same individual each with their own memories, behaviors and relationships
-most common with severe childhood abuse-controversial-many don’t believe it is real
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde_poster_edit2.jpg
Inappropriate or extreme moods
DYSTHYMIC DISORDER: mild depression that lasts for 2 years or more
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD): type of depression that reoccurs usually during the winter months-treated with light therapy
AFFECTIVE (MOOD) DISORDERS:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mood_dice.svg/640px-Mood_dice.svg.png
MAJOR DEPRESSION:Intensely sad, hopeless,
reduced energy, change in sleeping and eating patterns, suicidal thoughts
- “common cold of disorders”
- 2x more women than men
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sadness_2.jpg
Mood swings alternating between periods of depression and mania (inflated ego, excessive energy, impulsivity, little need for sleep, euphoria)
BIPOLAR DISORDER:
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Downey_Jr-2008.JPG
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Britney_Spears_at_VMA_2011.png
Loss of contact with reality and distorted thinking (psychosis)
-onset of disorder is young adulthood
Positive symptoms: (symptom added by disease) hallucinations(false sensory perceptions), delusions(false beliefs)
Negative symptoms: (things lost because of disease) flat affect (no emotion), social withdrawal, apathy, lack of communication
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA: incoherent speech, inappropriate mood, delusions, childlike behavior
PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA: delusions of grandeur, persecution
CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA: disordered movement patterns, sometimes immobility in odd positions
UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA: doesn’t fit into any other category but have thought/behavior disturbances
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
Longstanding, maladaptive thought and behavior patterns
-part of personality, affects all aspects of life-Axis II disorders3 types:1.Odd/eccentric: paranoid, schizoid,
schizotypal2. Dramatic/emotionally problematic:
histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial3. Chronic fearfulness: avoidant,
dependent, obsessive-compulsive
PERSONALITY DISORDERS:
DISORDER SYMPTOMS
PARANOID Extreme suspicion, mistrust
SCHIZOID Loners, shy, withdrawn
SCHIZOTYPAL Odd, eccentric, may hold magical beliefs
HISTRIONIC Excessively dramatic, attention seeking
NARCISSISTIC Extremely vain and self-involved
BORDERLINE Emotionally unstable, lack sense of self
ANTISOCIAL Lack conscience, morals, guilt
AVOIDANT Fearful of social relationships
DEPENDENT Needy, want others to make decisions
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
Controlling, focused on neatness and rules
TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS:
Disorders of infancy, childhood and adolescence
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: (ADHD) unable to focus attention, easily distracted, impulsive-10x more frequent in boys
EATING DISORDERS:-Anorexia: 85% of body weight, not eating-Bulimia: binge and purge
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS:
Lack of responsiveness to others, impairment in communication, limited activities and interests, repetitive behaviors
-evident early-usually by 2-3 years old-range from severe to mild symptoms-1/88 kids are diagnosed with an ASD-3-4x more likely in boys
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autism_awareness_ribbon-20051114.png