Post on 01-Dec-2021
Basic Science and BeyondBasic Science and BeyondALAT; LATG
ULAR Continuing Education March 2009
Judy Hickman Davis DVM PhD DACLAMJudy Hickman-Davis, DVM, PhD, DACLAM
Scientific Terminology
Prefix: description at the beginning of the wordof the wordRoot: item that is being describedSuffix: Descriptive at the end of the ordthe word
Scientific TerminologyScientific Terminology
BIOLOGYBio (root) = life logy (suffix) = study ofBio (root) = life logy (suffix) = study of
PATHOLOGYP th ( t) di l ( ffi ) t d fPatho (root) = disease logy (suffix) = study of
Word Roots for OrgansWord Roots for Organs Oophoro = ovary oophorectomy Stomato = mouth stomatitis Hystero/metro =uterus hysterectomy, endometritis Salpingo = uterine tubes hystosalpingogram
Dento = teeth dentist Glosso/linguo = tongue glossitis, lingual nerve Gingivo = gums gingivitis
Dermo = skin dermatitis Masto/mammo = breast mammography, mastectomy Osteo = bones osteoporosis
g g g gEncephalo = brain encephalitis Gastro = stomach gastritis Entero = intestine gastroenteritis C l l i t ti liti lOsteo bones osteoporosis
Cardio = heart electrocardiogram (ECG) Cysto = bladder cystitis Rhino = nose rhinitis (runny nose!) Phl b / i hl biti
Colo = large intestine colitis, megacolon Procto = anus/rectum proctitis, proctologist Hepato = liver hepatitis, hepatomegaly
Phlebo/veno = veins phlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo/pulmo = lung pneumonitis, pulmonologist H / i bl d h t l i t i
Nephro/rene = kidney nephrosis, renal artery Orchido = testis orchiditis, orchidectomy
Hemo/emia = blood hematologist, anemia
Principles of ChemistryPrinciples of Chemistry Atom:
Fundamental unit of matterMolecule:
Complex of atomsChemistry: y
Interaction of molecules and recombination of their atoms
Biochemistry:Study of chemical reactions occurring in li i hiliving things
Important Chemical Elements p
Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N)Oxygen (O)Hydrogen (H)
Calcium (Ca)Sodium (Na)
Phosphorus (P) Iron (Fe)CO2CO2
H2OH2O
Weights and Measures
“Much of science is based on our ability to determine and recordability to determine and record measurements such as distance, weight, volume and temperature.”
The po er of 10!The power of 10!
English to MetricMilli 1/1 000Milli = 1/1,000Centi = 1/100Deci = 1/10Kilo = 1,000
English to MetricDistance
SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND
I i h 2 54 iIn inches 2.54 centimeters cmFt feet 0.305 meters mYd yards 0.914 meters mMi miles 1.61 kilometers km
English to MetricVolumeVolume
SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND
Fl oz ounces 29.57 milliliters mLQt quart 946 milliliters mLQt quart 0 946 liters LQt quart 0.946 liters LGal gallons 3.785 liters L
Fahrenheit to CelsiusTemperature
(ºF-32) x 5 / 9Or
(ºF-32) / 1.8( )Cagewash water temperature = 180ºF OR
5/9 (180º 32) = 5/9 (148) = 70/9 = 82 2ºC5/9 (180 - 32) = 5/9 (148) = 70/9 = 82.2 C
English to MetricWeightWeight
SYMBOL MULTIPLY BY TO FIND
Oz ounces 28.35 grams gg gLb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg
Sooo, an adult mouse weighs 25 to 30 gms or about 1 oz!
And, an 10 kg beagle weighs 22 lbs!
Weighing Devices
Maximum weight capacityAccuracy TareTareScale types
Top loading balancesDouble pan balancesDouble pan balancesPlatform scales
N tritionNutrition
The study of the food and water requirements and the process by which animals take in food and use the nutrients
DigestionDigestion
The process by which food is broken down into basic biochemical compounds pand absorbed through the intestinal wall into the blood stream
NutrientsNutrientsWater: THE MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!Water: THE MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!Proteins: basic building blocks (aa chains)Fats: supply and store energyFats: supply and store energy
Carbohydrates: the main source of energy ( )(sugars)Vitamins: ppm or mg/KGMi l /KGMinerals: ppm or mg/KG
VitaminsVitaminsWater-soluble: C and B complexWater soluble: C and B complex
Must be supplied daily
Fat-soluble: A, D, E, KFat soluble: A, D, E, KDepend on metabolism and fat digestion for supply
**An absence or deficiency of ANYAn absence or deficiency of ANY vitamin can cause disease**
(i.e. scurvy)
MineralsMinerals21 minerals or organic elements21 minerals or organic elements
Ca2+, Na+, P+
Trace mineralsTrace mineralsFe2+, Fe3+
**A mineral deficiency can cause**A mineral deficiency can cause serious disease**
(i.e. hypocalcemia)
Energy MetabolismEnergy MetabolismAnimal diets are formulated using energy g gy
requirementsCalorie: the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degreeKilocalorie: a nutritional calorie (1000Kilocalorie: a nutritional calorie (1000 calories)Carbohydrates: 4.1 Kcal/gmC bo yd es c /gFats: 9.1 Kcal/gm
FeedstuffFeedstuff
Proximate AnalysisProximate AnalysisProvides data on the amount of protein fat crude fiber solubleprotein, fat, crude fiber, soluble carbohydrate, moisture and ash
Feed SelectionFeed SelectionBalanced dietBalanced diet
Commercially prepared diet formulated for the maintenance of specific speciesp pTreats (psychological enrichment)Special ConsiderationsSpecial Considerations
Rapid growthnursinggGeriatrics
Available FeedsAvailable Feeds
Ground: poultryGround: poultryPelleted: rabbits and rodentsExtruded: primates, cats and dogsSemi-moist: commercial pet foodSemi-moist: commercial pet foodCanned: MedicationsRoughage: ruminants, rabbits, guinea pigs
Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of Feeding
WATERWATERMedicationsLeakageBlockage
J-FeedersFeed changesFeed changes
Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of Feeding
WATEROveractiveDistressedDull hair coat
FOODWeight lossExperimental procedureD i t i lDominant animals
*Remember to consider special needs, i.e. the very young nursing and geriatric*very young, nursing and geriatric
Practical Aspects of FeedingPractical Aspects of FeedingStorage
CoolDryW ll til t dWell ventilatedPlatformsMilling date (purified diets and vit C = 3Milling date (purified diets and vit. C 3 months; commercial = 6 months; canned = 2 years) P t t lPest controlOpen feed containers
*Detergents and other chemicals stored separately*Detergents and other chemicals stored separately
Chemistry DefinitionsChemistry Definitions
InorganicInorganic Chemistry of compounds involving inorganic elements: Fe S Na Kelements: Fe, S, Na, K
OrganicCh i t f b t th t t i bChemistry of substances that contain carbon
BiochemistryChemistry of compounds that occur in all living organisms as part of their metabolic process
Carbon BondingC N H OC, N, H, O
Single do ble and triple bondsSingle, double and triple bondsCHC=OC≡HC H
V l b di it f tValence: bonding capacity of an atomNumber of potential single bonds, i.e. carbon has a valence of 4
Biochemical CompoundsBiochemical CompoundsInorganic moleculesg
Water (H2O)Sodium (Na+)( )Potassium (K+)
Organic biomoleculesOrganic biomoleculesCarbohydratesNucleic acidsNucleic acidsProteinsLi idLipids
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesProvide energy for body processgy y pStructure for plants (cellulose)
MonosaccharideMonosaccharideDisaccharideOligosaccharideOligosaccharidePolysaccharide
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesConsists of one unit of saccharide (simple ( psugars)
Glucose (dextrose)( )FructoseGalactoseGalactoseDeoxyribose
Glucose is the primary source of energy for allGlucose is the primary source of energy for all body processes!
DisaccharidesDisaccharidesContains two monosaccharide units per pmolecule
Maltose (glucose + glucose)(g g )Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose galactose)
Oligo- and PolysaccharidesOligosaccharide
Small number of saccharide units (3 to 6)Components of glycoproteinsCell to cell communication and cell recognition
PolysaccharideyComplex carbohydrates (300 to 500 CHO)StarchS cGlycogenCelluloseCellulose
Lipids: Long Chain Hydrocarbons
Fatty acidsSaturated (no double bonds; animal fat)Saturated (no double bonds; animal fat)Unsaturated (vegetable oil)
T i l idTriglyceridesFatty acids + glycerol (alcohol)Measure of lipid metabolism
SteroidsCholesterol
ProteinsConstitute half of the bodies dry weight
StructuralStructuralEnzymesR l tRegulatoryTransportHormonesProtectiveToxins
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals
Nucleic AcidsRepository of the cells genetic informationNitrogen base + pentose sugar + phosphateg p g p p
DNA (deoxyribose)RNA (ribose)( )
T l i id i ll li iTwo most common nucleic acids in all living cells and viruses!
DiseaseDiseaseDiabetes
Type I (IDDM) NOD miceType I (IDDM) NOD miceType II
A h l iAtherosclerosisHDLLDL (increased)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Lack phenylalanine hydroxylasePhenylalanine X tyrosinePhenylalanine X tyrosine
Molecular BiologyStudy of the formation, structure and f i f bi l i ll ifunction of biologically important macromolecules
Genes Gene products
Understand how inherited characteristics are linked to underlying chemical processeslinked to underlying chemical processes
Eukaryotic CellsNucleus
Storage site for geneticStorage site for genetic information
DNAMacromolecule that contains this information
ChromosomesCondensed DNA within the nucleusnucleus
Eukaryotic CellsDiploid cells
Somatic cellsHaploid cells (germ cells)
OvaSpermatozoa p
ZygoteEgg and sperm cellsEgg and sperm cells (haploid) unite (diploid)
GeneticsGene
Sequence of DNA on a chromosomeSequence of DNA on a chromosomeMany genes on each chromosome
GGenotypeGenetic makeup of an organism
PhenotypePhysical characteristics
MutationPermanent change in DNA sequencePermanent change in DNA sequenceMutation in the germ cells is heritable
“Twisted Ladder” D bl H liDouble Helix
DNAAdenine-ThymineGuanine-Cytosiney
RNAAdenine UracilAdenine-UracilGuanine-Cytosine
Cellular MachineryReplication
Separation of double helixSeparation of double helixCopy of the helix to form 2 new copies
TranscriptionSynthesis of RNA in the nucleusmRNA, tRNA
TranslationmRNA in cytoplasm used for protein synthesis
Techniques
CloningBacterial amplificationPCR
Southern blotDNA
Northern blotRNARNA
Western blotP t iProtein
TEST YOURSELF
1. Saturated fatty acids…a) Contain no double bondsa) Contain no double bondsb) Belong to the group of lipids known as
steroidsc) Contain at least one double bondd) Are a common component of plant celld) Are a common component of plant cell
structure
TEST YOURSELF
1. Saturated fatty acids…a) Contain no double bondsa) Contain no double bondsb) Belong to the group of lipids known as
steroidsc) Contain at least one double bondd) Are a common component of plant celld) Are a common component of plant cell
structure
TEST YOURSELF
2. DNA…a) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracila) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracilb) Can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell
during translationgc) Stands for Deoxyribonitrogenous acidd) Can be detected using Southern blotd) Can be detected using Southern blote) Contains the pentose sugar ribose
TEST YOURSELF
2. DNA…a) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracila) Contains the nucleotides adenine and uracilb) Can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell
during translationgc) Stands for Deoxyribonitrogenous acidd) Can be detected using Southern blotd) Can be detected using Southern blote) Contains the pentose sugar ribose
TEST YOURSELF
3. Pathology is the study of…a) Pathosa) Pathosb) Emotions c) Diseasec) Diseased) Maps
TEST YOURSELF
3. Pathology is the study of…a) Pathosa) Pathosb) Emotions c) Diseasec) Diseased) Maps
TEST YOURSELF
4. The most important nutrient is…a) Proteina) Protein b) Mineral c) Fatc) Fatd) Watere) Carbohydratese) Carbohydrates
TEST YOURSELF
4. The most important nutrient is…a) Proteina) Protein b) Minerals c) Fatsc) Fatsd) Watere) Carbohydratese) Carbohydrates
TEST YOURSELF
5. Which of the following is not fat soluble?a) Vit Aa) Vit Ab) Vit Cc) Vit Dc) Vit Dd) Vit Ke) Vit Ee) Vit E
TEST YOURSELF
5. Which of the following is not fat soluble?a) Vit Aa) Vit Ab) Vit Cc) Vit Dc) Vit Dd) Vit Ke) Vit Ee) Vit E
TEST YOURSELF
6. The picture shows the molecular structure of methane (CH4). The carbon atom has a valance of…
a) 1b) 2c) 3d)d) 4e) 5
TEST YOURSELF
6. The picture shows the molecular structure of methane (CH4). The carbon atom has a valance of…
a) 1b) 2c) 3d)d) 4e) 5
TEST YOURSELF
6. Maltose, sucrose and lactose are all examples of…p
a) Monosaccharides b) Oligosaccharidesb) Oligosaccharides c) Disaccharides d) Polysaccharidesd) Polysaccharidese) Lipids
TEST YOURSELF
7. Maltose, sucrose and lactose are all examples of…p
a) Monosaccharides b) Oligosaccharidesb) Oligosaccharides c) Disaccharidesd) Polysaccharidesd) Polysaccharidese) Lipids
TEST YOURSELF
8. TRUE or FALSE
The zygotes are the only haploid cells in h b d d l ll d hthe body and are also called the germ
cells.
TEST YOURSELF
8. TRUE or FALSE
The zygotes are the only haploid cells in h b d d l ll d hthe body and are also called the germ
cells.
Immunology
Immune systemOrgans: thymus, BM, liver, spleenCirculatory: lymphatic system
Recognition of self!MCH“Tissues” in “Harmony”
AntigenAntigenNon-self in search of an immune reponse