A. AB. BC. CD. D

Which of the following do you think is the most important of the Bill of Rights?

A. Freedom of speech

B. The right to a fair trial

C. The right to keep and bear arms

D. Protection from unreasonable search and seizure

A B C D

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Chapter 8 A New Nation (1789-1800)

Section 1 The First President

What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?

George Washington• Became the first president of the

United States on April 30, 1789• (Several others served as

president under the Articles of Confederation)

• John Adams became Vice President

• Washington knew that the precedentsprecedents he established would shape the future of the United States

• Washington created departments• Set up the court system• Added a Bill of Rights to the

Constitution

The First Cabinet• Washington chose prominent

figures to head departments• State Department- Handled

relations with other nations (Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson)

• Department of the Treasury- Handled financial matters (Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton)

• Department of War- Handled the nation’s defense (Henry Knox)

• Edmund Randolph became attorney general- Handled the government’s legal affairs

• Office of postmaster general was also established

• The three department heads and the attorney general became known as the cabinetcabinet

• The president has the power to dismiss cabinet members

A. AB. BC. CD. D

A B C D

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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the US Government?

A. The Executive branch

B. The Judicial branch

C. The Military branch

D. The Legislative branch

The Judiciary Act of 1789• Congress had to decide how

to set up the judicial system• Some wanted a uniformuniform

national legal system and some favored state courts

• The two groups compromised in the Judiciary Act of 1789

• Congress established a federal court system with the power to reverse state decisions

• The Supreme Court would be the supreme authority- John Jay was chosen as chief justice

The Bill of Rights• Many people insisted that the

Constitution include guarantees of civil liberties

• Some states supported the Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights would be added in the near future

• Congress passed 12 amendments and the states ratified 10 of them

• December 1791- The 10 amendments became the Bill of Bill of RightsRights

• The Bill of Rights limits the powers of government

• Protects individual rights (speech, press, trial by jury…)

• 10th amendment- Madison hoped to use the states as an important line of defense against a too powerful government

The New Country’s Economy• Washington left the

economic policies to his secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton

• Hamilton had bold plans and policies to deal with the country’s finances

• The new nation faced a serious national debt… and it was growing

• Hamilton tried to find a way to improve the government’s financial reputation and strengthen the nation at the same time

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• 1. Pay off war Debt

• 2. Raise revenue by tariffstariffs

• 3. Create a national bank

A. AB. BC. CD. D

A B C D

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Which of the following is not a part of Alexander Hamilton’s plan for strengthening the nation’s economy? A. Repaying debt to

foreign countries

B. Establishing a national bank

C. Collecting national taxes

D. Issuing bonds to American citizens

Opposition to the Plan• Those that bought bondsbonds

during the American Revolution- Many people sold them for lesser value

• The new bond owners would be paid off at original value

• Southern states objected because they accumulatedaccumulated much less debt than the Northern states

• Hamilton worked out a compromise with the South- If they paid off the debt, the new capital would be in the South

• Washington D.C. was now in planning

The Fight Over the Bank• Hamilton asked

Congress to create a national bank- The Bank of the United States

• Madison and Jefferson opposed a national bank saying it would benefit the wealthy and it was unconstitutional

• Hamilton argued that Congress had the power to do so

• Washington agreed, and a national bank was created

Tariffs and Taxes• Hamilton proposes a

tarifftariff to protect American industries from foreign competition

• A tax on imports• The South opposed,

but Hamilton won support in Congress

• A tax on whiskey distilled in the United States was also added

What were the precedents that Washington established as the first president of the United States?

Washington started the tradition of the Inaugural Address, two terms in office, the creation of the cabinet, and a foreign policy of neutrality.

Chapter 8 Section 1 Quiz

The nation's first vice president was

Geo

rge W

ashin

gton.

John A

dams.

Samuel

Adams.

Benjam

in Fran

klin.

25% 25%25%25%A. George Washington.

B. John Adams.C. Samuel Adams.D. Benjamin

Franklin.

One of the liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights is

the r

ight to

ban th

e p...

the r

ight to

refus

e tax

es.

freed

om of s

peech

.

the r

ight to

own a hom

e.

25% 25%25%25%A. the right to ban the press.

B. the right to refuse taxes.

C. freedom of speech.D. the right to own a

home.

The first chief justice of the United States was

John A

dams.

Alexan

der Ham

ilton.

Geo

rge W

ashin

gton.

John Ja

y.

25% 25%25%25%A. John Adams.B. Alexander

Hamilton.C. George

Washington.D. John Jay.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 established what kind of legal system?

congres

siona

l law

inter

national

court

s...

fede

ral co

urt sys

tem

stac

k cou

rt sy

stem

25% 25%25%25%A. congressional lawB. international court

systemC. federal court

systemD. stack court

system

To help build a strong national economy, Hamilton asked Congress to create

a nati

onal ban

k.

the s

tock m

arket.

trade t

ariffs

.

Was

hington, D

.C.

25% 25%25%25%A. a national bank.B. the stock market.C. trade tariffs.D. Washington, D.C.

A. AB. BC. C

Do you think it is right for the U.S. government to use force to keep order?

A. Yes, always

B. Yes, under certain circumstances

C. No, never

Chapter 8 The Federalist Era 1789-1800

Section 2 Early Challenges

What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?

The Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion• Part of Hamilton’s

financial plan was a tax on whiskey

• 1794• Tax on whiskey

angered frontier farmers• Farmers also had

trouble taking their crops to market because of bad roads

• They decided to make their grain into whiskey

More of the Whiskey Rebellion• Whiskey would be

easier to carry• They often used

whiskey like money to buy salt, sugar, nails, and ammunition

• Did not have money to pay taxes

• The whiskey tax seemed as unfair as British taxes had been

• Some feared more taxes would follow

Results of the Whiskey Rebellion• Farmers in western

Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax

• Farmers took up arms and chased away the tax collectors

• Hamilton convinced Washington that troops should be sent to put down the rebellion

• 13,000 soldiers went into western Pennsylvania

• The rebels fled before a fight

• Showed that the National Government had the power and will to enforce laws

Struggle Over the West• Washington worried

about European ambitions for the Northwest Territory

• Washington signed treaties with the Indians

• He hoped that this would lessen the influence of the British and Spanish on them

• American settlers ignored the treaties and moved onto Indian land

• Fighting soon broke out

Washington Sends an Army• Washington sends in

General Arthur St. Clair• He was to restore order

in the Northwest Territory

• November 1791, St. Clair’s forces were defeated by Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people

• More than 600 American soldiers died in the battle by the Wabash River

Alliance With France?• Many believed an

alliance with France would help them defeat the British, Spanish, and Indians in the West

• The possibility of French involvement prompted Britain to take action in the West

• The British urged Indians to destroy American settlements west of the Appalachians

• The British began building a new fort in Ohio

More Fighting• The Native Americans

demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory

• Washington sent another army under Anthony Wayne

• 2,000 Indian troops planned to ambush Wayne’s smaller force

• Wayne’s troops moved closer to Fort Miami

The Battle of Fallen Timbers• Wayne knew that it

was an Indian custom not to eat before battle

• The warriors waited three days for Wayne’s force

• Grew weaker and hungrier

• Wayne soundly defeated the Indians at the Battle of Battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers

After the Battle of Fallen Timbers• Indians fled to Fort Miami• British closed the gate on

them• British would not help them• Battle of Fallen Timbers

crushed the Indians’ hope of keeping their land

• Indians signed the Treaty of Treaty of GreenvilleGreenville-- agreeing to surrender their homelands in what is now Ohio

Problems with Europe• Many Americans cheered

the French Revolution, but it soon grew bloody

• France and Britain went to war and Washington hoped to maintain neutralityneutrality

• The French sent diplomat Edmund Genet to recruit American volunteers

• Washington then issued a Proclamation of Neutrality

• French and British warships were also barred from American ports

The British Fight Back• British warships captured

American ships that traded with France

• The British forced American sailors to join the British navy (impressmentimpressment)

• Washington sent John Jay to negotiate peace with Britain, and Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty was signed

• Britain agreed to leave American soil

• It said nothing about the impressment or British interference in trade

A. AB. BC. CD. D

Jay’s Treaty was an agreement with what country?

A. Spain

B. France

C. Britain

D. Russia

Treaty With Spain• Spain feared the US and

Britain would work together against them in North America

• Thomas Pickney was sent to Spain to settle the differences

• 1795- Pickney’s TreatyPickney’s Treaty gave the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans

Washington’s Farewell• After two terms• In his farewell he

attacked political parties• Also attacked the

involvement in foreign affairs

• “Observe good faith and justice toward all nations…”

• “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances”

• These words influenced the nation’s foreign policy for more than 100 years

• What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?

1. Whiskey Rebellion2. Securing the Trans-Appalachian West3. French Revolution

What challenges did the United States face during Washington’s administration?

Chapter 8 Section 2 Quiz

During the Whiskey Rebellion, farmers peacefully protested a special tax.

A. TrueB. False

Washington served three terms as president.

A. TrueB. False

Alexander Hamilton's taxes led to rebellion in

A. the Oregon country.

B. western Pennsylvania.

C. Virginia.D. Boston.

French and British warships were barred from American ports by the

A. Declaration of War.

B. Treaty of Britain.C. Treaty of Paris.D. Proclamation of

Neutrality.

What did George Washington consider a grave danger to the new nation?

A. settlers moving west

B. national taxesC. growth of political

partiesD. France's influence

Chapter 8 The Federalist Era (1789-1800)

Section 3 The First Political Parties

A. AB. BC. CD. D

What do you think is the most important principle of Jefferson’s Republican party? A. Strong emphasis on

states’ rights

B. Accessibility of politics to the average citizen

C. Strict interpretation of the Constitution

D. Protection of civil liberties

How did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?

Opposing Views• Even President

Washington was not liked by everyone

• Many of those were supporters of Thomas Jefferson

• Political Parties began to form

• People disagreed with each other, even in Washington’s cabinet (Hamilton and Jefferson)

• Even Washington was partisanpartisan (Favored one side of an issue)

• Washington usually favored Hamilton

Political Parties Emerge• Similar differences

existed in Congress• Two distinct political

parties formed• Federalists- supported

the policies of Washington’s administration

• Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)

A. AB. BC. CD. D

Which of the following was NOT a United States political party?

A. Democrats

B. Revisionists

C. Republicans

D. Federalists

Federalists• Stood for a strong federal

government• Favored banking and shipping

interests• Support in the Northeast and

wealthy plantation owners of the South

• 1791- Philip Freneau wrote the National Gazette that turned public opinion against the Federalist

• (Jefferson, Secretary of State, helped it get started)

• Jefferson and Madison later organized people who disagreed with Hamilton

• Were called the Democratic-Republicans

Democratic-Republicans• “Republicans” wanted to

limit the government’s power

• Feared a strong federal government would endanger people’s liberties

• Appealed to small farmers and urban workers

• Support in the Middle Atlantic states and the South

Views of the Constitution• Hamilton’s view (Fed.)- federal

government had implied implied powers powers (Loose Construction)

• Powers not expressly forbidden in the constitution

• Hamilton used this idea to justify a national bank

• Jefferson and Madison (D-R)- disagreed and said there is a strict construction of the Constitution

• They believed implied powers are “absolutely necessary” to carry out the expressed powers

The People’s Role• Federalists supported

representative government• Public office should be held by

honest and educated men• Ordinary people were too likely to

be swayed• Republicans feared a strong

central government• Washington tried to get his two

advisors (Hamilton and Jefferson) to work out their differences

• They didn’t and Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State

• Later Hamilton resigned as Secretary of the Treasury

Election of 1796• Federalists and Republicans

held meetings called caucuses

• Members of Congress and other leaders chose their parties’ candidates for office

• Federalists chose John Adams for President and Charles Pickney as VP

• Republicans chose Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr as VP

• The electoral college votes- • Adams 71, Jefferson 68• A Federalist president and a

Republican VP

President Adams Problems

• 1. The XYZ Affair• 2. Alien and

Sedition Acts• 3. Domestic and

Foreign Affairs

XYZ Affair• The French started to seize

American ships that carried cargo to the British

• Fall of 1797- Adams sent delegates to Paris to try to resolveresolve the dispute

• The French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand refused to meet with the delegates

• Instead he sent three agents (X,Y, and Z) who demanded a bribe and a loan for France

• The Americans replied “not a sixpence” and sent a report to Adams

• Adams said he would rather pay for a war and told Congress to prepare for war

• This became known as the XYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition Acts• Public anger rose against France,

Americans became suspicious of aliensaliens

• Immigrants living in the country who were not citizens

• Many Europeans who came to the US in the 1790s supported ideals of the French Revolution

• Some people questioned if aliens would remain loyal if the US went to war with France

• Federalists responded with strict laws to protect the nation’s security

• The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts• Sedition-Sedition- Activities aimed at

weakening the established government• Alien Act allowed the president to

imprison aliens, or send those considered dangerous out of the country

Domestic and Foreign Affairs• Republicans responded to the Alien

and Sedition Acts by standing up against what they regarded as Federalist tyranny

• Madison and Jefferson wrote protests that called the Virginia Virginia and Kentucky Resolutionsand Kentucky Resolutions

• Said that the A&S Acts violated the Constitution

• So the A&S Acts could not be put into action

• The Kentucky Resolution suggested that states might nullifynullify federal laws considered unconstitutional

A. AB. BC. CD. D

Which of the following is true of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? A. They were drafted by

Federalists opposing Republican uses of federal power.

B. They claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution.

C. They distributed land to settlers in Virginia and Kentucky.

D. They rejected the principle of state’s rights.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions• Supported the principle

of states’ rights• This states that the

powers of the federal government should be limited to those clearly assigned in the Constitution

• States should have all other powers not expressly forbidden to them

• The issue of states’ rights would remain an important issue

Adams’ Decision• To help them

politically, Federalists urged Adams to declare war on France

• Adams didn’t, instead appointed a new commission to seek peace with France

• 1800- France agreed to a treaty

• This hurt Adams chance of reelection

• Hamilton and his supporters now opposed the president

How did the Federalist and Republican Parties form, and on what issues did they disagree?

Federalists- Strong federal government, limit ordinary people’s role in governmentRepublicans- Limit federal government, protect individuals’ and states’ rights

Chapter 8 Section 3 Quiz

Which political party stood for a strong federal government?

A. FederalistB. AntifederalistC. Democratic-

RepublicanD. Democratic

Which party feared that a strong central government would endanger people's

liberties?A. FederalistB. AntifederalistC. RepublicanD. Democratic

The second president of the United States was

A. Thomas Jefferson.

B. Aaron Burr.C. John Adams.D. Charles Pinckney.

Which of the following proposed a challenge to the constitutional authority of the national

government?A. political partiesB. peace with FranceC. Sedition ActD. Virginia and

Kentucky Resolutions

What divided the Federalists and hurt John Adams's chance for reelection?

A. states' rightsB. treaty with FranceC. Neutrality ActD. war with France