A World of Change

The West Between the WarsChapter 9

Section 1 CA Standards 10.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.3, 10.6.8Section 2 CA Standards 10.6.3, 10.7.1, 10.7.2, 10.7.3

Section 3 CA Standards 10.7.3, 10.8.5

After the Great War (After World War I)

Section 1

• Treaty of Versailles– Created League of Nations• Weak due to United States not joining

– Demanded Germany Pay Allied Forces for damages• France demanded that Germany pay them 132 billion

marks = 33 billion U.S. Dollars

Money Troubles

• France demanded money from Germany– Germany did not have the money– France took over the Ruhr Valley, which had mines

and industry, as supplemental payment• Germany started to print money to pay France– This caused inflation

Money Does not grow on trees, so Germany just printed money instead

Money Troubles ContinuedRate of Inflation

Year German Mark U.S. Dollar

1914 4.2 1

1919 9 1

1922 500 1

1923 (January) 18,000 1

1923 (July) 350,000 1

1923 (August) 5,000,000 (5 million) 1

1923 (November) 4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion) 1

- Children would play with money like it was a toy

- People would be paid three times a day and carry money in trunks or barrels

- Women would burn money because it was cheaper than firewood -It would cost thousands

of marks to mail a letter

Solution to the Problem

• Dawes Plan– America loaned Germany money to pay France– $200 million loaned to Germany

• The Treaty of Locarno– Guaranteed Germany’s new western boarders

Problems to the Solution

• Circular Borrowing

3

2

4

1 - US to Germany 2 - Germany to France3 - France to England4 - England to US

1

The Cycle is Broken

• The Stock Market Crash (1929)– Leads to Great Depression in United States

• Leads to World Wide Depression• Effects of Depression– Government Involvement– Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines and

Communism– Lead people to follow Political Leaders with simple

solutions = Dictatorship = Fascism

The Rise of Dictatorial RegimesSection 2

• Fascism: a system of government that stresses nationalism and places interest of the state above the individual

• Characteristics of Fascism– Dictatorial, one party rule– Individual rights denied– Supremacy of the state– Fervent nationalism– Scapegoating

Fascist Party in Italy

• Lead by Benito Mussolini• Kind of totalitarian state– Definition: Government that aims to control the

political, economical, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

– Lead by Single Leader and Single Political Party• Mussolini Aligns with Adolf Hitler

Fascism in Russia• Lead by Joseph Stalin• Created a Communist Party• Stalin arranged for millions of people to be

killed if they opposed the government (The Great Purges)

• An era of economic, social, and political revolutions– Five Year Plan

• Focus on economy• Government took control of farms (collectivization)• Government took control of armaments• Government took control of capital goods

Fascism in Spain

• Lead by Francisco Franco• Spanish Military revolted against Government– Caused Civil War– Assisted by Hitler and Mussolini

• Franco’s dictatorship is an authoritarian regime

Hitler and Nazi GermanySection 3

• Nazi Party emerged after WWI– German Workers’ Party National Socialist

German Workers’ Party (Nazi)• Hitler organized Beer Hall Putsch– Revolt against the government– Hitler was arrested, put into jail– wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail

• Hitler becomes Chancellor legally– He was VOTED into office

Change in Germany

• Economic Change– Public work projects and grants to recover from

Depression• Government Control of Public Institutions– Churches and all types of schools were under

government control and told to support Hitler

Changes in Germany Continued

• Anti-Semitic Policies– Hatred towards Jews– Not defined by religion, but by ethnicity– Nuremberg Laws excluded Jews from German

citizenship• Jew was defined if you had a Jewish grandparent• Marriage between Germans and Jews was forbidden• Jews required to wear a yellow star and identification

cards

Kristallnacht

• Kristallnacht = “Night of Shattered Glass”• Destruction against Jews by Nazi Germans– November 9, 1938– Nazis burned Synagogues (Jewish places of

worship)– Nazis destroyed at least 7,000 businesses– At least 100 Jews were killed– 30,000 male Jews were taken to concentration

camps

World War IIPaths to War

Chapter 11Section 1 CA Standards 10.7.3, 10.8, 10.8.1, 10.8.2

Paths to WarSection 1

Country Aggression

• Japan invades Manchuria in 1931– Nanjing “raped” in 1937

• Mussolini invades Ethiopia– Denounced by the League of Nations

• Hitler rebuilds German army to 600,000– Condemned by League of Nations– Against agreement of Treaty of Versailles

• Franco’s Civil War in Spain

Germany (Hitler’s) Demands

• Austria– Anschluss proposed

by Hitler• Rhineland– DMZ Buffer Zone

near France• Sudetenland– Czech. border with

Germany

Policies of the WestHitler is Unchecked

• Fascists get more aggressive• Europe drifts towards war• Attitudes of other countries– U.S. Isolation• Great Depression• WWI just ended and did not want to enter another war

– England and France Appeasement• Munich Conference• Economic depression• Did not want another war• Easier to look away from activities in Europe

Hitler’s Deal with Stalin

• Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact– Prevents Germany from a two-front war

“Give a Man an Inch”

• Hitler is never satisfied, he always wants more• Hitler controls:– The rest of Czechoslovakia (1938)– Demands Danzig, Poland• United Kingdom and France promise to support Poland

if Hitler invades• Hitler invades on 9 - 1 – 1939 causing England and

France to FINALLY declare war on Germany

• World War II begins