Post on 18-Jan-2018
description
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
FibroblastsErythrocytes
Epithelial cells
(d) Cell that fights disease
Nerve cell
Fat cell
Sperm
(a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases
(c) Cell that storesnutrients
(b) Cells that move organs and body parts
(e) Cell that gathers information and control body functions
(f) Cell of reproduction
SkeletalMusclecell
Smoothmuscle cells
Macrophage
Structure Dictates Function, Even at the Cellular Level
Why Are Cells So Small?
Cell remain small because they cannot efficiently import nutrients or export waste materials across their membranes when they get too large.
The Two Major Categories of Cells
• The countless cells on earth fall into two categories:
– Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria
– Eukaryotic cells, such as protist, fungal, plant, or animal cells
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Secretion beingreleased from cellby exocytosis
Peroxisome
Ribosomes
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelopeChromatin
Golgi apparatus
NucleolusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum
CytosolLysosome
Mitochondrion
CentriolesCentrosomematrix
Cytoskeletalelements• Microtubule• Intermediate filaments
Plasmamembrane
Anatomy of a Eukaryotic (Animal) Cell
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Prokaryotic Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Cell (Plasma) Membrane and Internal Membranes• The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving
surroundings and regulates molecular traffic
Animal cells have an extracellular matrix outside of their cells that hold them together in tissues and protects and supports them.
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Prokaryotic Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
Figure 3.2
Secretion beingreleased from cellby exocytosis
Peroxisome
Ribosomes
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelopeChromatin
Golgi apparatus
NucleolusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum
CytosolLysosome
Mitochondrion
CentriolesCentrosomematrix
Cytoskeletalelements• Microtubule• Intermediate filaments
Plasmamembrane
Focus on the Nucleus and Ribosomes
The Nucleus: Information Storage and Control of the Cell
• The nucleus is the library of the cell.
• Chromosomes (books) within the nucleus store instruc-tions on how to run the cell
Ribosomes Make Proteins Using Genetic Instructions
Copy of instructionsfrom the nucleus
A Tour of the Cell Categories of Cells
Features of Prokaryotic Cells
Features of Eukaryotic Cellso Membrane Structure
o Nucleus and Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Golgi Apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
Energy Converting Organelleso Chloroplasts
o Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton o Cell Shape
o Cell Movement
The Endoplasmic Reticulum• A protein synthesis site for
exported proteins on the rough ER; acts as a “worktable” for ribosomes
• A routing system for delivery of proteins (subway system)
• A lipid synthesis factory in the smooth ER, including phospholipids for cell membrane
• Variations of endoplasmic reticulum include sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles cells (to store Ca+2) and Nissl bodies (rough ER) in neurons.