Post on 02-Feb-2016
description
1
A Three-tier View-based Methodology
for M-Services Adaptation
Eleanna Kafeza
Department of Marketing and Communications, Athens University of Economics &
Business kafeza@aueb.gr
S.C. Cheung
Dept. of Computer Science
Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
scc@cs.ust.hk
Dickson K.W. Chiu
Senior Member, IEEE
Ho-fung Leung
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Chinese University of Hong Kong
lhf@cse.cuhk.edu.hk
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 2
Motivation and Background
Often we have existing systems Extend it to support programmatic interactions:
B2B / agent Extend/adapt it to support emerging mobile
computing environment - SMS, WAP, PDA, … Adapting human-agent collaboration system for
mobile environment – e.g., workforce management 3-tier architecture commonly adopted over Web Extend our Process View mechanism into 3-tiers
for adaptation User Interface Views Process Views Database Views
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 3
Project Background
B2B Process Views D.K.W. Chiu, S.C.Cheung, K. Karlapalem, Q. Li, Sven Till,
and E. Kafeza. Workflow View Driven Cross-Organizational Interoperability in a Web Service Environment, Information Technology and Management, 5(3/4):221-250, 2004.
D.K.W. Chiu, K. Karlapalem, Q. Li and E. Kafeza. Workflow Views Based E-Contracts in a Cross-Organization E-Service Environment. Distributed and Parallel Databases 12(2-3):193-216, 2002.
3-tier View conference paper D.K.W. Chiu, S.C. Cheung and E. Kafeza. Three-tier View-
based Support for Mobile Workflow. First International Conference on Mobile Business, Athens, Greece, July 2002.
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 4
Advantages of Views
Motivated by views in federated object databases / relational database
Help balance trust and security Access in fully controlled manner Minimize modification of existing process
for interoperability Interface with different organization with
different views Fast and manageable development Process Views as the center mechanism
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 5
A Process for Service Negotiation
User inputs request with
service options
Send options to
user
User evaluates options [with feasible options]
[without feasible options]Reply
YES/NO for each option
ReplyCounter Options
ReplyConstraints
Evaluate constraints and options
Informchosen details
[good option found]
[max round not exceeded]
[max round exceeded]
Informfailure
[passive mode]
[constraint mode]
[counter-offer mode]
Service Provider User
[no option found]
Receive servicedetails
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 6
User Features on Different Platforms
User Platforms
Functions
Application Server (B2B)
PDA WAP Phone Messaging Device
Service Request
Web Service
Browser interface or programmed action
WAP interface SMS/EMS
Alerts Web Service
ICQ, email (or SMS if user also accessible)
SMS/EMS
Exception Handling
Web Service and /or email
Browser interface
WAP interface SMS/EMS
User Response Mode
Passive, Counter-offer, Constraint
Passive, Counter-offer, Constraint
Passive, Counter-offer
Passive
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 7
3-tier View Architecture
Begin CheckParts Info
PrepareQuotation
PrepareExtra Info
OrderMissing
Parts
ServicePrepara-
tion
BeginParts
QuotationDeliverParts End
End-User
System Integrator
Parts Vendor
Deliver &Install
End
BeginQuotationEnquiry
QuotationEvaluation
PurchaseOrder
Check &ReceiveSystem
PaymentAuthori-zation
End
BeginAssemble
SystemInstall
SoftwareSystemTesting End
Service Preparation
Qu
ota
tio
n
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Verify &Confirm
DBMS
User Interface Views
BeginCheck
Parts InfoPrepare
QuotationPrepare
Extra Info
OrderMissing
Parts
ServicePrepara-
tion
BeginParts
QuotationDeliverParts
End
End-User
System Integrator
Parts Vendor
Deliver &Install
End
BeginQuotationEnquiry
QuotationEvaluation
PurchaseOrder
Check &ReceiveSystem
PaymentAuthori-zation
End
BeginAssemble
SystemInstall
SoftwareSystemTesting
End
Service Preparation
Qu
ota
tio
n
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Verify &Confirm
Begin CheckParts Info
PrepareQuotation
PrepareExtra Info
OrderMissing
Parts
ServicePrepara-
tion
BeginParts
QuotationDeliverParts End
End-User
System Integrator
Parts Vendor
Deliver &Install
End
BeginQuotationEnquiry
QuotationEvaluation
PurchaseOrder
Check &ReceiveSystem
PaymentAuthori-zation
End
BeginAssemble
SystemInstall
SoftwareSystemTesting End
Service Preparation
Qu
ota
tio
n
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
Verify &Confirm
Process Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
SMS dialogue presentation
Simplified workflow steps and proceduresWorkflow View
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Mandatory fields only
Highly summarized information
Omit some fields
Summarized informationData View
SMS message presentation
WML translation
Highly reduced screen
Simplified screen layout
Low resolution graphics
Panning and Zooming
User Interface View
SMSWAPPDAPlatforms
Views
Data Views
PDA memory
SMS Gateway
WAPGateway
Web Server
Internet Messenger
Users
Processes of Other Organizations
Service Process
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 8
Meta-model for 3-tier Views
**
UserInterface
View
Screen/ Form
ProcessView
DataView
*
* *
*
**
*
Table*
*
* *
* Task
*
*
many to many association
aggregation association
WAP UserProcess
View
SMS UserProcess
View
Web UserProcess
View
inheritance
Role
**
User
* *
Process
*
1
*
**
transition
Agent / B2BProcess
View
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 9
Methodology Overview
Identify target platforms and the set of activities to be possibly adapted in the base process.
For each activity identified, elicit the capabilities required for enactment.
For each target platform, enlist its provided features.
Match capabilities against features. Decide which activities need adaptation. Design
process views accordingly. Design data views for each of the data sources
based on the requirements of the process views. Design user interface views based on platform
dependent restrictions. Perform validation of view consistency.
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 10
Contribution of 3-Tier Views toDifferent Platforms
User Platforms
Views
Application Server (B2B)
PDA WAP Phone
Messaging Device
User Interface View
Web Service interface for programmed interactions
Simplified screen layoutLow resolution graphicsPanning and zooming
WML translationHighly reduced screen
SMS message presentation
Data View Mutually agreed schema and semantics for interoperation
Omit some fieldsSummarized information
Mandatory fields onlyHighly summarized information
Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content
Process View
Cross-organizational process interoperation
Simplified process steps and procedures
SMS dialogue presentation
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 11
Process View - Introduction
Process view – structurally correct subset of process definition
Motivated by views in federated object databases Originally for B2B interoperating processes among
(different categories of) business partners to authorize external access to process
Same mechanisms now used for users of different platform access different subset of process
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 12
Capabilities Required by Various Process Activities
Activity
Capability
User evaluates options
Reply Y/N for each option
Reply constraints
Reply counter options
Receive service details
Authentication required required required required required
Message handling
required not required not required not required required
Message confirmation
not required required not required not required not required
Formatted data handling
not required not required not required required not required
Constraint editornot
required not required required not required not required
Real-time response
not required not required not required required not required
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 13
Features supported byVarious Platforms
PlatformProvided Feature
B2B PDA WAP SMS
Deployment of User applications
yes yes no no
Client-side SSL certification yes no no no
Form handling yes yes yes no
Message Reception yes yes yes yes
Message Authoring yes yes yes yes
Message Transmission yes yes yes yes
Real-time interactions yes yes yes no
Message size large large medium short
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 14
Meta-model for Matching Features Against Capabilities
Platform
adapts
TargetProcess
ProcessView
Feature
offers*
1..*
FeatureSet Capability
Activity1..*
*requires
**
matches
*
*
**
Realization
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 15
Realization Table Matching Feature-Sets against Capabilities
Feature-Set Capability Remarks
{Deployment of User applications} Constraint editor Availability of a constraint editor with constraints
outputted according to a predefined XML schema.
{Client-side SSL certification, real-time interactions} Authentication Availability of a personal certificate.
{real-time interactions} Authentication Performs logon and logoff for each process view instance.
{real-time interactions} Real-time response
{Form handling, real-time interactions}
Formatted data handling
{Message Reception} Message handling
{Message Authoring, Message Transmission} Message confirmation
The feature that supports returning a received message is not generally available for roaming SMS services.
…
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 16
Process Views for Participants on Different Platforms
Receive alertmessage
Logon / refresh
[with feasible option] ReplyYES/NO for each option
Enter counter options
EnterconstraintsMessage
contains details
[passive mode]
[constraint mode]
[counter-offermode]
(b) Process View for PDA/Web Users
Display options
[meetingscheduled or canceled]
[meetingnot yet scheduled]
[without feasible option]
(a) Process View for B2B Interactions
Receive service options
Decide options
[with feasible option] ReplyYES/NO for each option
Replycounter options
ReplyconstraintsMessage
contains details
[passive mode]
[constraint mode]
[counter-offermode]
[servicescheduled or canceled ]
[service optionsnot yet agreed]
[without feasible option]
Decide responseMode
Enter responseMode
Receive alertmessage
Message contains details
[meetingscheduled or canceled]
(c) Process View for WAP User
(d) Process View for SMS User
Receive alertmessage
Logon / refresh
[with feasible option] ReplyYES/NO for each option
Enter counter options
Message contains details
[passive mode]
[counter-offermode]
Display options
[meetingscheduled or canceled]
[meetingnot yet scheduled] [without
feasible option]
Enter responseMode
ReplyYES/NO for each option
[meetingnot yet scheduled]
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 17
User Interface Views
for PDA users for WAP users
scroll down
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 18
User Interface Views Supporting the “Display Options” for WAP Users
select View Request
select available time slots
select the next option
scroll down
…
continue until the
last option
viewing the first option
select finish
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 19
User Interface Views Supporting the “Enter Counter Options” for WAP Users
No available time slots
were selected in all options
finish with no available time slots in any options
select YES for counter offer
response mode
select time slots
enter venue and date
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 20
User Interface View Implementation
ActivityActivity
XMLProcessor
XML Document Object
Screen / Form Activity
PresentationObject
XSL Style SheetXML Schemas
User Inputs
User Interface View Workflow View
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 21
XML Service Object and WAP Listing
<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”ISO-8859-1”?><Proposal id=”mtg-fkn-01”> <description>Service Options.</description> <date>May 30</date> <time>14:00</time> <Proposer> <name>Franklin</name> <affiliation>CUHK</affiliation> </Proposer> <Option> <venue>Conference Room, 3/F, CUHK, Shatin</venue> <TimeSlot> <date>Jun 1</date> <startTime>9:00</startTime> <endTime>9:30</endTime> <status>Unconfirmed</status> </TimeSlot> <TimeSlot> <date>Jun 1</date> <startTime>9:30</startTime> <endTime>10:00</endTime> <status>Unconfirmed</status> </TimeSlot> </Option> ...</Proposal>
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML
1.1//EN""http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml"><wml> <card id="start" title="Option Details"> <p><b>Venue:</b> Conference Room, 3/F, CUHK,
Shatin</p> <p><b>Select Available Time Slots:</b></p> <p> <select name="slot1"> <option value="NULL">SLOT 1</option> <option value="0900">JUN 1 (9:00-9:30)</option> <option value="0930">JUN 1 (9:30-10:00)</option> <option value="0930">JUN 1 (10:00-10:30)</option> <option value="0930">JUN 1 (10:30-11:00)</option> <option value="0930">JUN 1 (11:30-12:00)</option> </select> </p> ... </card></wml>
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 22
Data View vs. Complete Schema(Mobile Meeting Scheduler Example)
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 23
Adaptation Consistency
By event trace semantics Tracing the start and end event of each task Based on process algebra and automata
theory Consistency of process view with respect to a
process a process view V not exhibiting any event
sequences where no corresponding ones are found in the base process H.
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 24
Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP)
Variables:Day, Time, Place
Domains:D(Day) = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}D(Time) = {9am, 9:15am, 9:30am, …, 11:45pm, 12:00am}D(Place) = {CUHK, HKUST, HKU}
Constraints:SuitableTime(Time)SuitableTime(Day)SuitablePlace(Place)Day-Place-Requirement(Day, Place)Time-Place-Requirement(Time, Place)
Plus: other personal constraints on Time, Day and Place
Extents of Constraints:
SuitableTime = {9am, 11am, 2pm}SuitableDay = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday}SuitablePlace = {CUHK, HKUST, HKU}Day-Place-Requirement = {<Monday, CUHK>, <Monday, HKUST>, <Monday, HKU>, <Tuesday, CUHK >, <Tuesday, HKUST>, <Tuesday, HKU>, <Wednesday, CUHK >, <Wednesday, HKUST>, <Thursday, CUHK >, <Thursday, HKUST>, <Thursday, HKU>, <Friday, CUHK >, <Friday, HKUST>, <Friday, HKU>, <Saturday, CUHK >, < Saturday, HKUST>, < Saturday, HKU>, <Sunday, CUHK >, < Sunday, HKUST>, < Sunday, HKU>}Time-Place-Requirement = {<9am, CUHK>, <11am, HKUST>, <2pm, HKU>}
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 25
Adaptation Considerations for Constraint-Solving Application
Centralized open-calendar protocol not suitable - no privacy protection, too much unnecessary data is sent
Passive mode - inefficient protocol but simple, least data sent, suitable for SMS users
In between: reply counter-option mode or reply constraints – but more complicated user interface required
All these can be translated into constraints and therefore into a standard CSP problem
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 26
Implementation Architecture
Web / WAP Access
XSLT ProcessorWeb Front-end
Web Services Programmatic
Access
Public UDDIRegistryEnterprises
User-Side
Views & Stylesheets Repository
<<session bean>>
ServerProcess<<session bean>>
ProcessView
ApplicationSubsystem
ConsistencyChecker
View and Stylesheet Editor
ViewMaintenance Subsystem
View Specifications in XML
XSLT Stylesheets
End users on Multi-platformDevices
Server-SideSMS Entity
Adapter
<<entity bean>>
Data ViewEnterprise Data
ProcessSpecification andCapability Editor
publish
EJBContainer
WebContainer
Web Service
Interface
<<session bean>>
ConstraintSolver
External InterfaceSubsystem
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 27
Conclusion
A three-tier view-based methodology for adapting applications to support multiple platforms
A novel approach of applying process views in adapting collaboration systems to a mobile environment
Details on the technologies for supporting such adaptations
Support for both human users and user delegated autonomous agents in a collaboration system
Use of constraints to limit data exchange in a collaboration system to reduce bandwidth consumption for mobile users
Demonstration of the applicability of our methodology in supporting flexible mobile collaboration systems through these features.
Rapid development and deployment of E-commerce systems (reuse and modular design)
Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 2003 3-Tier View Adaptation - 28
Further and Ongoing work How do we design the views? Based on what?
- Requirement engineering and e-Contracts e-Contract enactment e-Contract enforcement and exception handling e-Contract Templates e-Negotiation
Flows and Views Real-life applications
e-Marketplace, workforce management, logistics, CRM, etc.
HCI – Human-Computer Interaction m-Government service m-Tourism service Mobile workforce management, esp. for service
outsourcing