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A Study on Avifaunal Diversity and
Distribution in Goalpara District, Assam
(India)
Al Faruki Ahmed
M.Sc. (Zoology)
Department of Zoology
University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya (USTM)
Techno City, Kiling Road, Baridua, 9th Mile, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101
Email ID: alfarukiahmed211@gmail.com
Abstract:
The present study aims to estimate the avifaunal diversity and distribution of some area of
Goalpara District of Assam State, India. The present study recorded 95 bird species which
indicate the high diversity of avian fauna in the study area. The study carried out dividing the
annual cycle into four seasons as pre-monsoon, monsoon, retreating monsoon and winter.
The avifaunal diversity and distribution survey of Goalpara District, Assam was carried out
from January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 95 species of birds belonging to 47 families
and 16 orders was recorded. Avifaunal diversity is very common in wetland ecosystem.
Wetlands like river, beels, and marshes provide a significant habitat for incalculable species
of birds. Avifaunal diversity is very common in that area. Out of 95 bird species includes 90
Least concern species (90.74%), 3 Near threatened species (3.16%), 1 Vulnerable species
(1.05%) and 1 Endangered species (1.05%). Highest number of families found in
Passeriformes (23 families) and include 39 bird species.
Keywords:
Avian fauna, diversity, distribution, endemic species, Red Data Book, Goalpara District,
Assam, India.
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1. INTRODUCTION:
North East India is a mega-biodiversity centre and hotspot. Avian fauna are regarded as
important indicators of a country’s environmental health (Collar and Andrew, 1988) and
their high and low diversities are directly related with the environmental condition of the
area. The India subcontinent has 1340 birds’ species (Ali & Ripley, 1987; Manakadan &
Pittie, 2001) which is over 13% of the world’s birds. In Assam, more than 900 species
and subspecies of birds belonging to 20 orders has been recorded (Choudhury, 2000).
Birds are one of the most diversified of all creatures living on the earth today and
distributed almost throughout the world. They are the only true flyers and can freely
move across all geographical barriers. Birds play an important role in ecosystem by being
as a part of the food web. They are potential pollinators and bio-indicators. Due to
complexity at the subspecies level and lack of recent data on many forms, it was stated in
the new checklist that Assam harbors 820 species of birds including few doubtful species
which are likely to occur in Assam (Choudhury, 2000).
Birds are facing several threats such as deforestation, hunting, habitat loss and
climatic changes (Parsons, 1935). They occupy various types of habitats, from open field
to forest, desert to High Mountain and even in ice zone where it is quite tough for a
human or other animals to live. Birds are ideal bio indicators and useful models for
studying a variety of environmental problems, and the importance of local landscapes for
avian conservation can only be understood by knowing the structure of the bird
community in the region concerned (Kattan & Franco, 2004).
Bird diversity is influenced by habitat heterogeneity (MacArthur & MacArthur,
1961). Change in structural and compositional diversity of native vegetation would alter
the composition of the bird community (Fleishman et al., 1990; Leito et al., 2006;
Acevedo & Aide, 2008). Apparently many of bird populations in India have been
dwindling due to direct or indirect impacts of the increase in the human population and
poaching (Das, 2006). The Brahmaputra River contains an immense archipelago of
islands and sandbars; some of the islands are vast, including ‘Majuli’, the second largest
freshwater island in the world. This river is home to several threatened species such as
Ganges River Dolphin, Bengal Florican and several vultures and water birds (Birdlife
International, 2013).
A wetland is an any kind of land area that is submerged by water. Systematic study of
wetlands started just after the International Convention of Wetlands held in Ramsar or
Iran in 1971 which is known as Ramsar Convention. Ecologically wetlands are of great
significance for an area as they perform a number of vital functions in maintaining the
overall balancing of nature, flood and soil erosion control, water storage and purification
etc. Wetland supports congregation of large number of migratory and resident species of
birds as it has high nutritional value as well as productivity. As per Ali & Repley (1983),
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273 species of birds in India can be considered as water fowls, the birds that depend on
wetland ecosystem.
The objectives of the study are:
To prepare a checklist of birds in and around of Goalpara District.
To calculate the diversity of the avifaunal recorded in the study.
To make a comparative analysis of the diversity of the recorded avifauna.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Description of Study site:
The present study has been carried out in Goalpara District, Assam (India). The study was
carried out during January 2017 to December 2017. Goalpara district of Assam is located
between 25°33´ and 26°12´ North latitude and 90°07´ and 91°15´ East longitude. The district
covers an area of 1,832 sq.km. It is bounded by West and East Garo Hill districts of
Meghalaya on the South and Kamrup district on the East, Dhubri district on the West and
mighty river Brahmaputra all along the North. The district is in the south western part of the
state bordering National boundary between Assam and Meghalaya and adjacent to
international boundary between India and Bangladesh in the west.
Study area map:
Location: 25° 53’- 26° 30 N and 90° 07’- 91° 05’ E.
Figure 1: Study area Goalpara District of Assam State.
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Methodology:
This study was carried out from January 2017 to December 2017. Line transects were used to
record birds within or around the study sites. Birds count was from 7:00-10:30 (morning),
11:00-1:59 (midday) and 2:00-4:30 (Late afternoon). A 200 m long trail in each trail was
walked 10 times during the study period. The bird species were observed with field
binoculars (10×40) and using Digital Canon EOS 1300D, 18 MP DSLR). The entire study
area was divided into six segments viz. – Residential Area, Grassland Area, Fragmented
Jungles, Wetland area, Core Area and Overhead Flight. The identification of birds was
confirmed by the help of “Books of Birds of the Indian subcontinent” (Grimmett et al., 1998)
and Salim Ali book “The Book of Indian Birds”, Wikipedia and other net sources.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Taxonomical analysis of Goalpara District birds:
There are in total of 95 species of birds (Table-2) belonging to 47 families and 16 orders
were recorded from Goalpara District, Assam, India. The family in terms of species
number of birds is Accipitridae which contributing to 2 (2.10%) number of species, while
Campephagidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Chloropseidae contributing 1
(1.05%) number of species, Cisticolidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,
Corvidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Dicruridae contributing 2 (2.10%)
number of species, Estrildidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Hirundinidae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Laniidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of
species, Leiothrichidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Monarchidae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Muscicapidae 6 (6.31%) number of species,
Nectariniidae contributing 3 (3.15%) number of species, Oriolidae contributing 2 (2.10%)
number of species, Oycnonotidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Paridae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Passeridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of
species, Ploceidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Pycnonotidae contributing 1
(1.05%) number of species, Rhipiduridae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species,
Stenostiridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Sturnidae contributing 3 (3.15%)
number of species), Tyrannidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Zosteropidae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Alcedininae contributing 5 (5.26%),
Coraciidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Meropidae contributing 2 (2.10%)
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number of species, Anatidae contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species, Anhingidae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Ardeidae contributing 5 (5.26%) number of
species, Phalacrocoracidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Threskiornithidae
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Charadriidae contributing 3 (3.15%) number of
species, Glareolidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Jacanidae contributing 1
(1.05%) number of species, Recurvirostridae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,
Scolopacidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Ciconiidae contributing 5
(5.26%) number of species, Columbidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species,
Cuculidae contributing 4 (4.21%) number of species, Rallidae contributing 1 (1.05%)
number of species, Megalaimidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Picidae
contributing 3 (3.15%) number of species, Psittaculidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of
species, Strigidae contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Trogonidae contributing 1
(1.05%) number of species and Upupidae contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species.
The order Accipitriformes contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Passeriformes
contributing 39 (41.05%) number of species, Coraciiformes contributing 8 (8.42%)
number of species, Anseriformes contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species, Suliformes
contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species), Pelecaniformes contributing 7 (7.36%)
number of species, Charadriiformes contributing 8 (8.42%) number of species,
Ciconiiformes contributing 5 (5.26%) number of species, Columbiformes contributing 2
(2.10%) number of species, Cuculiformes contributing 4 (4.21%) number of species,
Gruiformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Piciformes contributing 5 (5.26%)
number of species, Psittaciformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species, Strigiformes
contributing 2 (2.10%) number of species, Trogoniformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number
of species and Bucerotiformes contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species.
The IUCN trends of Goalpara District birds:
The IUCN status of Goalpara District birds’ species are Least concern contributing 90
(94.74%) number of birds species, Vulnerable contributing 1 (1.05%) number of species,
Near threatened contributing 3 (3.16%) number of species and Endangered contributing 1
(1.05%) number of bird species.
Sl.No Order Family Number Number of Birds species
1 Accipitriformes 1 2
2 Passeriformes 23 39
3 Coraciiformes 3 8
4 Anseriformes 1 8
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Table 1: Number of Bird species in order wise.
Figure 2: Taxonomical hierarchy of Goalpara District Bird species.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Acc
ipit
rifo
rmes
Pas
seri
form
es
Co
raci
ifo
rmes
An
seri
form
es
Sulif
orm
es
Pe
leca
nif
orm
es
Ch
arad
riif
orm
es
Cic
on
iifo
rmes
Co
lum
bif
orm
es
Cu
culif
orm
es
Gru
ifo
rmes
Pic
ifo
rmes
Psi
ttac
ifo
rmes
Stri
gifo
rmes
Tro
gon
ifo
rmes
Bu
cero
tifo
rmes
Total family number
Total number of Birds species
5 Suliformes 1 1
6 Pelecaniformes 3 7
7 Charadriiformes 5 8
8 Ciconiiformes 1 5
9 Columbiformes 1 2
10 Cuculiformes 1 4
11 Gruiformes 1 1
12 Piciformes 2 5
13 Psittaciformes 1 1
14 Strigiformes 1 2
15 Trogoniformes 1 1
16 Bucerotiformes 1 1
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Figure 3: The IUCN status of Goalpara District Birds.
Table 2: Checklist of avian fauna of Goalpara District
Order Sl.
No
Family Common
Name
Scientific
Name
IUCN
Status
Accipitriformes 1 Accipitridae
Crested serpent
eagle
Spilornis cheela LC
2 Accipitridae Long legged buzzard Buteo rufinus LC
Passeriformes 3 Campephagidae Black winged
cuckooshrike
Lalage melaschistos LC
4 Campephagidae Long tailed minivet Pericrocotus
ethologus
LC
5 Chloropseidae Golden fronted
leafbird
Chloropsis aurifrons
LC
6 Cisticolidae Zitting cisticola
Cisticola juncidis LC
7 Corvidae House crow
Corvus splendens LC
8 Corvidae
Indian treepie
Dendrocitta
vagabunda
LC
9 Dicruridae
Black drongo Dicrurus
macrocercus
LC
10 Dicruridae Greater racket tailed
drongo
Dicrurus paradiseus LC
11 Estrildidae
Scaly breasted
munia
Lonchura punctulata LC
12 Hirundinidae
Barn swallow Hirundo rustica LC
13 Laniidae
Brown shrike
Lanius cristatus LC
14 Laniidae
Long tailed shrike Lanius schach LC
100
3.16
1.05
94.74
1.05
95
3
1
90
1
Total
Near Threatened
Endangered
Least Concern
Vulnerable
Number of species %
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15 Leiothrichidae
Rufous necked
laughingthrush
Garrulax ruficollis LC
16 Leiothrichidae
Jungle babbler Turdoides striata LC
17 Monarchidae
Black naped
monarch
Hypothymis azurea LC
18 Muscicapidae Black redstart Phoenicurus
ochruros
LC
19 Muscicapidae Blue fronted redstart Phoenicurus
frontalis
LC
20 Muscicapidae Oriental magpie
robin
Copsychus saularis LC
21 Muscicapidae Siberian stonechat
Saxicola maurus LC
22 Muscicapidae Taiga flycatcher
Ficedula albicilla LC
23 Muscicapidae Verditer flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus LC
24 Nectariniidae
Crimson sunbird Aethopyga siparaja LC
25 Nectariniidae
Purple rumped
sunbird
Leptocoma zeylonica LC
26 Nectariniidae
Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus LC
27 Oriolidae
Black headed oriole Oriolus larvatus LC
28 Oriolidae
Black hooded oriole
Oriolus xanthornus LC
29 Oycnonotidae
Red whiskered
bulbul
Pycnonotus jocosus LC
30 Paridae
Great tit Parus major LC
31 Passeridae
Eurasian tree
sparrow
Passer montanus LC
32 Ploceidae
Baya weaver
Ploceus philippinus LC
33 Pycnonotidae
Red vented bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer LC
34 Rhipiduridae
White brown fantail Rhipidura aureola LC
35 Rhipiduridae
White throated
fantail
Rhipidura albicollis LC
36 Stenostiridae
Grey headed canary
flycatcher
Culicicapa
ceylonensis
LC
37 Sturnidae
Chestnut tailed
starling
Sturnia malabarica LC
38 Sturnidae
Common myna
Acridotheres tristis LC
39 Sturnidae
Pied myna
Gracupica contra LC
40 Tyrannidae
Ash throated
flycatcher
Myiarchus
cinerascens
LC
41 Zosteropidae
Oriental white eye
Zosterops
palpebrosus
LC
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Coraciiformes 42 Alcedininae
Blue eared
kingfisher
Alcedo meninting LC
43 Alcedininae
Common kingfisher
Alcedo atthis LC
44 Alcedininae
Oriental dwarf
kingfisher
Ceyx erithaca LC
45 Alcedininae
Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC
46 Alcedininae
White throated
kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis LC
47 Coraciidae
Indian roller Coracias
benghalensis
LC
48 Meropidae Blue tailed bee eater Merops philippinus LC
49 Meropidae Green bee eater Merops orientalis LC
Anseriformes 50 Anatidae
Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna LC
51 Anatidae
Flying gadwall
Mareca strepera LC
52 Anatidae
Lesser whistling
duck
Dendrocygna
javanica
LC
53 Anatidae
Northern pintail
Anas acuta LC
54 Anatidae
Red crested pochard Netta rufina LC
55 Anatidae
Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea LC
56 Anatidae
Tufted duck
Aythya fuligula LC
57 Anatidae
Whistling duck
Anas arcuata LC
Suliformes 58 Anhingidae
Oriental darter Anhinga
melanogaster
NT
Pelecaniformes 59 Ardeidae Black crowned night
heron
Nycticorax
nycticorax
LC
60 Ardeidae
Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis LC
61 Ardeidae
Great egret Ardea alba LC
62 Ardeidae
Indian Pond heron Ardeola grayii LC
63 Ardeidae
Purple heron
Ardea purpurea LC
64 Phalacrocoracidae
Little cormorant Microcarbo niger LC
65 Threskiornithidae
Black headed ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus
NT
Charadriiformes 66 Charadriidae
Grey headed
lapwing
Vanellus cinereus LC
67 Charadriidae
Little ringed plover
Charadrius dubius
LC
68 Charadriidae
Northern lapwing
Vanellus vanellus NT
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69 Glareolidae
Small pratincole Glareola lacteal LC
70 Jacanidae
Pheasant tailed
jacana
Hydrophasianus
chirurgus
LC
71 Recurvirostridae
Pied avocet
Recurvirostra
avosetta
LC
72 Scolopacidae Green shank Tringa nebularia LC
73 Scolopacidae Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola LC
Ciconiiformes 74 Ciconiidae Asian openbill stork Anastomus oscitans LC
75 Ciconiidae Black necked stork Ephippiorhynchus
asiaticus
LC
76 Ciconiidae Black stork
Ciconia nigra LC
77 Ciconiidae Greater adjutant
stork
Leptoptilos dubius EN
78 Ciconiidae Lesser adjutant stork Leptoptilos
javanicus
VU
Columbiformes 79 Columbidae Spotted dove
Spilopelia chinensis LC
80 Columbidae Yellow footed green
pigeon
Treron
phoenicoptera
LC
Cuculiformes 81 Cuculidae
Common hawk
cuckoo
Hierococcyx varius LC
82 Cuculidae
Greater coucal Centropus sinensis LC
83 Cuculidae
Grey bellied cuckoo Cacomantis
passerines
LC
84 Cuculidae
Plaintive cuckoo
Cacomantis
merulinus
LC
Gruiformes 85 Rallidae
Western swamphene Porphyrio porphyria LC
Piciformes 86 Megalaimidae
Blue throated barbet Psilopogon asiaticus LC
87 Megalaimidae
Lineated barbet
Psilopogon lineatus LC
88 Picidae Black rumped
flameback
Dinopium
benghalense
LC
89 Picidae Rufous woodpecker Micropternus
brachyurus
LC
90 Picidae White browed
piculet
Sasia ochracea LC
Psittaciformes 91 Psittaculidae Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri LC
Strigiformes 92 Strigidae Brown hawk owl Ninox scutulata LC
93 Strigidae Spotted owlet Athene brama LC
Trogoniformes 94 Trogonidae
Red headed trogon Harpactes
erythrocephalus
LC
Bucerotiformes 95 Upupidae Common hoopoe
Upupa epops LC
(LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, EN: Endangered, VU:
Vulnerable)
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Figure: Bird species found in Goalpara District
Spilornis cheela Buteo rufinus Lalage melaschistos Pericrocotus ethologus
Chloropsis aurifrons Cisticola juncidis Corvus splendens Dendrocitta vagabunda
Dicrurus macrocercus Dicrurus paradiseus Lonchura punctulata Hirundo rustica
Lanius cristatus Lanius schach Garrulax ruficollis Turdoides striata
Hypothymis azurea Phoenicurus ochruros. Phoenicurus frontalis . Copsychus saular
Saxicola maurus Ficedula albicilla Eumyias thalassinus Aethopyga siparaja
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Leptocoma zeylonica Cinnyris asiaticus Oriolus larvatus Oriolus xanthornus
Pycnonotus jocosus Parus major Passer montanus Ploceus philippinus
Pycnonotus cafer Rhipidura aureola Rhipidura albicollis Culicicapa ceylonensis
Sturnia malabarica Acridotheres tristis Gracupica contra Myiarchus cinerascens
Zosterops palpebrosus Alcedo meninting Alcedo atthis Ceyx erithaca
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Ceryle rudis Halcyon smyrnensis Coracias benghalensis Merops philippinus
Merops orientalis Tadorna tadorna Mareca strepera Dendrocygna javanica
Anas acuta Netta rufina Tadorna ferruginea Aythya fuligula
Anas arcuata Anhinga melanogaster Nycticorax nycticorax Bubulcus ibis
Ardea alba Ardeola grayii Ardea purourea Microcarbo niger
Threskiornis melanocephalus Vanellus cinereus Charadrius dubius Vanellus vanellus
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Glareola lacteal Hydrophasianus chirurgus Recurvirostra avosetta Tringa nebularia
Tringa glareola Anastomus oscitans Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Ciconia nigra
Leptoptilos dubius Leptoptilos javanicus Spilopelia chinensis Treron phoenicoptera
Hierococcyx varius Centropus sinensis Cacomantis passerines Cacomantis merulinus
Porphyrio porphyria Psilopogon asiaticus Psilopogon lineatus Dinopium benghalense
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Micropternus brachyurus Sasia ochracea Psittacula krameri Ninox scutulata
Athene brama Harpactes erythrocephalus Upupa epops
4. CONCLUSION:
Any activities that change the habitat structure effect avifaunal diversity and distribution.
The study suggests that both terrestrial and water bird are found in Goalpara District.
Many migratory birds are found in some beels of Goalpara District, Assam, India. Some
important beels of Goalpara District which found migratory birds such as Urpad Beel,
Hasila Beel, Kumri Beel, Sidli Beel, Sekseki Beel etc. In spite of being polluted, some
beels also holds a high species of terrestrial bird. All living organisms depend on water
chemistry either directly or indirectly. Although in this study the water parameters of the
wetland were not considered. The ecology of Goalpara District is keeps change in every
year because of flood. Present study also reveals that the wetland has been facing some
danger so far the habitat and its overall biodiversity is concerned.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors are thankful to his father Mahiluddin Sheikh and mother Asful Nessa for
providing encouragement, guidance and co-operation whenever required during survey
works. Authors are also thankful to his friends.
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