A quels aspects du sommeil faut-il prêter le plus d ...

Post on 26-Dec-2021

7 views 0 download

Transcript of A quels aspects du sommeil faut-il prêter le plus d ...

A quels aspects du sommeil faut-il prêter le plus d’attention

lors de la prise en charge du patient psychiatrique ?

ANPSSSM 15/6/2011Xavier A. Preud’homme, M.D.

Duke University Sleep LaboratoryXavier.preudhomme@dm.duke.edu – Tel. 1-919-681-87442- Fax 1-919-681-8744

Xavier Preud’homme: Disclosure1) Investigateur principal – Bourse d’étude de Pfizer

Analyse de la variabilité du segment RR afin de comparer déterminer l’équilibre sympathovagal chez le sujet présentant une hyperactivité de la vessie et chez le sujet sain

2) Investigateur secondaire – NIH-NIDDKEtude des mécanismes des mictions nocturnes y compris de l’énurésie

3) Investigateur secondaire – AstellasEtude de l’instabilité du muscle detrusor pendant le sommeil chez la femme

4) Investigateur principal – Bourse d’étude du CFAR Duke/NIHEst-il possible d’améliorer l’adhérence à la trithérapie du SIDA en traitant l’insomnie par thérapie cognitivo-comportementale?

Objectifs pédagogiques Survol de la physiologie et physiopathologie du

sommeil chez l’humainTisser les liens avec les pathologies

psychiatriques Insister sur le potentiel d’interactions Organiser la présentation en fonction des

approches diagnostiques des problematiques du sommeil Présenter les actualités thérapeutiques Questions - Réponses

L’impact de la privation du sommeilaprès 24 hr. d’éveil = Ethanol of 80

Thomas M et al. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:335-352.

18FDG PET Study of Healthy, Sleep-Deprived Adults, Showing Decreased Metabolism in the Thalamus, Prefrontal Cortex, and Inferior Parietal Cortex

FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; PET, positron emission tomography

Prefrontalcortex

Inferior parietalcortex

Occipitalcortex

Thalamus

Presenter
Presentation Notes
OPTIONAL

Mean (+SE) Number of Attentional Failures among the 20 Interns as a Group and Individually while Working Overnight (11 p.m. to 7 a.m.) during the Traditional Schedule and the

Intervention Schedule

Lockley, S. et al. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1829-1837

2004 Annals of Internal Medicine4 hr de sommeil => - 18% leptine, +28% ghreline, + 24% appétit

Paradigme de la privation de sommeil

Privationde sommeil

5% =>hypomanie6% => manie33% => ok> 1 nuit(BZD)

Wake Therapy: “Thérapie par l’eveil”

Dark Therapy: “L’anti-lumière”

American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV TR. 2000.

Difficulty falling asleep

Difficulty staying asleep

Non-restorative

sleep

Significant Distress or Impairment in Function for 1 month

and/or and/or

AND

Critères du diagnostic de l’insomnieprimaire selon le DSM-IV

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Slide 2: Definition of Insomnia Insomnia may be primary—with no known underlying etiology—or secondary—related to a psychiatric disorder, a general medical condition, or substance induced.1 Regardless of its etiology, insomnia is always associated with next-day consequences and is defined by one or more of the following sleep complaints1-3: Difficulty falling asleep Difficulty staying asleep Nonrestorative sleep Next-day consequences include impaired concentration, impaired memory, decreased ability to accomplish daily tasks, and decreased enjoyment of interpersonal relationships.3 These consequences and the ubiquity of disturbed sleep constitute a “national sleep alert.”2

L’agenda du sommeilDate 10/08/08 10/09/08 10/11/08 10/12/08 10/13/08

Nighttime Medications

Alcohol

Bed Time

Wake Time

Time Out of Bed in a.m.

Awakenings and Time Awake for Each One

Quality of Sleep (0-5)

Feeling of Restoration in the a.m. (0-5)

Roth T, et al. Sleep Med. 2005;6:487-95.

Latence de sommeil (subjective): 6 & 12 moissous eszopiclone

PBO-ESZ

ESZ-ESZ

Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

45

30

15

60

75

0

Med

ian

Slee

p La

tenc

y (m

inut

es)

Months of Study

Double-blind period Open-label period

* * *

† † † †† †

Eszopiclone Reduces Sleep-Onset Latency to <30 Minutes for up to 12 Months of Use

Presenter
Presentation Notes
[Graph to be redrawn]

Indications pour une aproche non pharmacologique

• Hygiène du sommeil• Thérapie cognitivo-comportementale

=> Succès = celui des hypmotiques• Approche cognitive• Approche comportementale:

Diminuer le stimulusRestreindre le temps de sommeil

Wohlgemuth and Krystal, 2005; Krystal et al., 1998

0

5

10

15

20

Major Depression Any Anxiety Disorder Alcohol Abuse/Dependence

New

Cas

es a

t 3.

5-Ye

ar F

ollo

w-U

p (%

) 15.9%

4.6%

13.7%

7.1% 7.1%

4.7%

Prior History of InsomniaNo Insomnia

Insomnie = risque de développerd’autres maladies mentales

Breslau N, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:411-418. NIH. Sleep. 2005;28:1049-1057.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Slide IV-5. Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Later Emergence of �Psychiatric Disorders In a longitudinal, epidemiologic health maintenance organization (HMO) study by Breslau and colleagues of 1,007 adults (aged 21 to 30 years), 167 respondents (16.6%) reported insomnia alone lasting for at least 2 weeks. Of these individuals, 70.7% were found to have a psychiatric disorder and 31.1% had major depression. In the follow-up interview of 979 persons 3.5 years later, the incidence of new cases of major depression �in those with a history of insomnia was 15.9%. Reference Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, Andreski P. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:411-418.

Treated with fluoxetine 20 mg for 8 weeks

Symptoms résiduels chez les patients déprimés en rémission

%

05

101520253035404550

Nierenberg AA, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:221-225.

8 Week Double-Blind, Randomized Trial-N=545Fluoxetine+Eszopiclone vs. Fluoxetine+Placebo

** * * * *

240

270

300

330

360

390

420

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Placebo+FluoxetineEszopiclone+FluoxetineTo

tal S

leep

Tim

e (M

in)

Weeks

Fava M, McCall WV, Krystal A, Rubens R, Caron J, Wessel T, Amato T, Roth T. Biological Psychiatry. 2007.

Insomnia Efficacy

*P<0.0001

Significant Effect on Depression Response

Improvement in HAM-D 17 Excluding Insomnia Items

9.5

11.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

End of Study

P<0.001

ESZ+Flu

Pcbo+Flu

43

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

End of Study

Pcbo+Flu

ESZ+Flu

% Remitters(HAM-D17≤ 7)

P<0.01

Melatonine

Principes de la chronothérapie

Luminothérapie

Paradigme du DLMO

Morningness-EveningnessQuestionnaire (MEQ)

Demence

Cauchemards & Troubles du sommeil paradoxal (REM)

• CauchemardsCrise d’épilepsie ? => PSG avec videoEtat de stress post-traumatique => PrasozineATTENTION prédit le mieux le suicide (surtout chez la femme)

• Pathologie du sommeil REMCrise d’épilepsie ? => PSG avec videoApnées? => PSGSuivi du patient >50% avec Parkinson 10 ans plus tardDémence avec Lewy bodies & sensibilité aux neuroleptiques

PMLS & RLS

• PLMS = 5% des causes d’hypersomnie• Urémie• Anémia => Manque de fer• Grossesse• Manque d’acide folique• Diabete• Arthrite rheumatoide• ATD surtout les SSRIs• Etats de manque

Upper Airway Sites Contributing to OSA

Cardiovascular Effects of Sleep Apnea

33

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Pathophysiologic effects of sleep apnea. Pleural pressure (Ppl) is a used to measure the pressure around the heart and its vascular structures. The consequences include vascular inflammation and remodleing, similar to CAD; the ↑ in sympathetic activity and inflammation cytokines, actives wbcs, oxidative stress, and hypercoagulopathy. These alterations can be reversed using CPAP.

Dx of OSA :Mallampati Classification

Trend Analysis for the Relationship between Increased Severity of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the Composite Outcome of Stroke or Death from Any Cause (N=1022)

Yaggi, H. et al. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2034-2041

Treatment-CPAP treatment–Positive pressure keeps airway open–most effective

CPAP therapy

Treatment of OSA with: GOLD STANDARD: CPAP

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Kaneko, Y. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1233-1241

Individual Values for the Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in All Patients

Kaneko, Y. et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1233-1241

PSG of OSA vs. CSA

49

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The top illustration of a PSG clip of OSA shows lack of Airflow with ventilatory effort; this is in contrast to the bottom slide of CSA where there is no Airflow and no ventilatory drive

L’ échelle de somnolence de Epworth

Normal

Insomnia

Sleep Apnea

Residents

Narcolepsy

0

5

10

15

20

Mean 5.90 2.20 11.70 14.70 17.50

Normal Insomnia Sleep Apnea Residents Narcolepsy

Papp et al. Sleep, 2002.

Epworth

Sleepiness

Scale

© American Academy of Sleep Medicine

American Academy of Sleep Medicine

0

5

10

15

20

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time of Day (24-hr clock)

MSL

T Sc

ore (

min

)

Post-call Baseline ExtendedTi

me

to fa

ll as

leep

on M

SLT

(min

)

Sleepiness level post-call vs on a normal (baseline)schedule was equivalent in anesthesia residents.

A period of extended sleep (over 4 nights) normalized post-call sleepiness levels.

Howard 2002

A quels aspects du sommeil faut-il prêter le plus d’attention lors de la prise en charge du patient

psychiatrique ?

• 1) Durée (n’aggravons pas ce qui est déjà fait)• 2) Qualité (insomnie <=> dépression)• 3) Régularité (aspects circadiens & luminothérapie)• 4) Cauchemards / troubles REM (suicide – Parkinson+)

• 6) Acathisie (RLS – Fer – Dopamine – PLMS - SSRIs)• 7) Apnées (parce que nous avons une approche

hollistique du patient psychiatrique)• 1, 2, 3 => clinique• 4, 5, 6 => labo du sommeil• 7 => labo du sommeil ou maison

Un grandmerci

aux Pr.

• D. Saravane• A Krystal • P Linkowski

& Mme. Mazzia