A.A.

““JACKSONIAN JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY””

Mr. Howard A. Mayo IV Mount Airy High School

Elections of 1824 & 1828Elections of 1824 & 1828

• 4 Famous candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and General Andrew Jackson

• Jackson wins popular vote, but not enough electoral votes

• House of Representatives had to decide outcome between Jackson and Adams

• Clay persuades House to choose Adams (Adams appoints Clay his Sec. of State)

• Jackson proclaims “Corrupt Bargain”; breaks away from Republicans to start a new party (Jacksonian Democrats)

• Jackson begins catering to the common people

• New voting laws get rid of property requirements – voting increases 3x by 1828

• Jackson easily wins Election of 1828 w/ support of common people

Jacksonian AmericaJacksonian America

• Jackson institutes the Spoils Systemo Fires 10% of federal employees & gives those jobs to his loyal supporters

• Jackson decides to remove Indians; Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Indians from “5 civilized tribes” move to Indian territory (mainly Oklahoma); whites take their land

• Cherokee fight back- sue as a “domestic dependent nation”• Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 – Supreme Court rules in favor of

Cherokee; tells gov’t to give their land back• Jackson ignores ruling – “John Marshall has made his decision;

now let him enforce it”• Trail of Tears – Cherokee forced to relocate; 1000s die

PopulatioPopulatio

n Trends: n Trends:

Westward Westward

ExpansionExpansion

, 1830, 1830

PresidentPresident

ial ial

election, election,

18281828

1828 1828

Presidential Presidential

electionelection

Vote by Vote by

countycounty

JacksonJackson’’s first s first inaugural receptioninaugural reception

INDIAN REMOVALINDIAN REMOVALRemoval• Removal Act of 1830 • “Five civilized tribes” – Creek, Chickasaw,

Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminoles

• Cherokees o Cherokee Nation v. Georgiao Worcester v. Georgia

• “John Marshall has made his opinion, now let him enforce it”President Andrew Jackson

• “Trail of Tears” –Force March • Seminole War - Osceola

Tariff & Bank IssuesTariff & Bank IssuesNullification Crisis• Tariffs continue increasing – hurt the South’s

economy• 1828 – Tariff of Abominations – Calhoun (VP)

begins speaking out against tariffsoCalhoun writes South Carolina Expositiono1.Nullification o2.Succession

• Webster/Hayne debatesoWebster (NE) & Hayne (S) have historic

debate in Congress over tariffs/state’s rights

• Jackson speaks out for National rights; Calhoun speaks out for state’s rights

• Calhoun resigns as VP

Nullification (cont.)• 1832 Congress passes an even higher tariffoS.Carolina “nullifies” tariff; threatens to

secede if gov’t tries to collect tariff duties• Jackson is furious – threatens to hang

Calhoun• Congress passes Force Bill (1833) – allows

Jackson to use military force if S.Carolina doesn’t pay

• Henry Clay steps in – works out compromise of lower tariffs (SC must agree to pay tariffs)

1.1. NULLIFICATION NULLIFICATION CRISISCRISIS

• “Tariff of Abominations” 1828

• John Calhoun o Nullification o South Carolina Exposition

and Protest • Nullification Crisis

o Nullification Act • Force Bill • Crisis Averted • Significance

John C. Calhoun (Library of Congress)

The Nullification The Nullification CrisisCrisis    

“Our Federal Union- It must be preserved…”

Andrew Jackson

“The Union- next to our Liberty most dear…”

John Calhoun

B. Bank Wars1. Jackson is opposed to the Bank of the US2. Clay & Webster try to re-charter the bank in

1832 (they want to make it a campaign issue)3. Jackson turns public against the Bank of US ;

says it’s for the “privileged”4. Jackson uses “Pet Banks” to deposit gov’t

money5. Bank of US hurt, has to recall loans; charter

isn’t renewed

THE BANK WARTHE BANK WAR• (2nd) Bank of the United States • Nicholas Biddle-President of

the Bank. He becomes an opponent of Jackson

• “Soft money/hard money” • Pet Banks

Nicholas Biddle

Andrew Jackson

• President

• National Supremacy

Henry Clay

• Great Compromiser

John C. Calhoun

• VP, resigns

• state’s rights advocate

Jackson’s LegacyJackson’s Legacy

Panic of 1837• Jackson’s “Pet Banks” printed too much

money; hurts the economy via inflation• Jackson demands payment for land in specie

(gold or silver) – causes a rush on banks• By 1837 most banks stop accepting paper $$$• Leads to a depression

Elections• New Whig party formed against Jackson• Jackson’s VP (Van Buren) runs in 1836• Van Buren wins easily w/ Jackson’s support

o He is ineffective as President• Whigs win election of 1840 w/ war hero William

Henry Harrison• Harrison dies 1 month into office; John Tyler takes

over (“His Accidency”)

F. Expansion of F. Expansion of Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

Reasons for increases in mass political participation:

A. Expansion of Suffrage• elimination of

property requirements

b. Printed ballots c. Political conventions

• party caucuses d. Candidates with popular appeal e. Campaigns f. Partisan Newspapers

The The Expansion Expansion of Voting of Voting Rights for Rights for White Men, White Men, 1800-18301800-1830

Voter Voter

TurnoTurno

utut

Before Before

the Civil the Civil

WarWar

Expansion of Expansion of DemocracyDemocracy

The The ExpansioExpansion of n of Voting Voting Rights Rights for White for White Men, Men, 1800-1800-18301830

1832 1832

PresidentPresident

ial ial

electionelection

““King King Andrew IAndrew I””

Unlike previous presidents, Jackson used his popularity and power as president to fill his cabinet with loyal Democratic followers. Jackson did not consult Congress in policymaking and used his power of the veto to assume control of the national government. He bully people

Assassination attempt on Andrew Assassination attempt on Andrew

Jackson, 1835.Jackson, 1835.

Removal of federal deposits from the Removal of federal deposits from the

Second Bank of the United StatesSecond Bank of the United States

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• turnpikes • National Road

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• Steamboats o Robert Fulton o Clermont (1807)

• Impact on transportation and trade

Robert FultonRobert Fulton’’s s ClermontClermont plies plies the Hudson Riverthe Hudson River

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION• Erie Canal (1825)• Significance

o Cost of tradeo Direction of tradeo Settlement of NWo New York Cityo Upstate NYo Canal boom

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONPrincipal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Roads and Canals, Roads and Canals, 1820-18501820-1850

• Canal boomCanal boom• Effect on Effect on transportation and trade transportation and trade patternspatterns

Paths of Northern Migration after Paths of Northern Migration after

18001800

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• Railroads • Baltimore &

Ohio RR (1830)

• short lines• trunk lines

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION• Impact of Railroads

a) Promoted national trade and economic growth

b) Linked Northeast and old Northwest for trade

• Consolidation of early short lines leads to E-W orientation• Chicago

c) Promoted the growth of other industries• Iron • Coal• Telegraph

d) Encouraged farmers to specialize e) First great corporations in US – model

for later large businesses

BEGINNINGS OFBEGINNINGS OFINDUSTRIALIZATIOINDUSTRIALIZATIO

N &N &CHANGES IN CHANGES IN

SOCIAL AND CLASS SOCIAL AND CLASS STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIOINDUSTRIALIZATIO

NN Factory System

Rise of Corporations Technological Innovations

Labor Old Northwest-Immigration

BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

• textiles• Samuel Slater • factory system

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater(( ““Father of the Father of the Factory Factory SystemSystem””))

BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION• Lowell (or Waltham) Factory System

o Francis Cabot Lowello First dual-purpose textile plantso employees

• Lowell towns

Lowell, Mass. in 1850

New England New England Textile Centers: Textile Centers: 1830s1830s

Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown

Middlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknownMiddlesex Company Woolen Mills, Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1848, artist unknown

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”• Factory Girls Association• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”• Factory Girls Association

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

Early Early TextilTextile e LoomLoom

Lowell Lowell GirlsGirls

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

The Growth of Cotton Textile The Growth of Cotton Textile

Manufacturing, 1810Manufacturing, 1810––18401840

BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION:

Legal and Financial DevelopmentsLegal and Financial Developments

• Corporations o In 1800, c. 20 corps US; by 1817, over

1800oGeneral incorporation laws

• New York, 1848o stocko limited liability

• Banking – paper banknotes

2. INVENTIONS & 2. INVENTIONS & INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS

2. INVENTIONS & 2. INVENTIONS & INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.

They were first copiers, then They were first copiers, then innovators.innovators.

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.

They were first copiers, then They were first copiers, then innovators.innovators.•Patents Approved:Patents Approved:

•1800: 41 1800: 41

•1860: 4,357 1860: 4,357

•Patents Approved:Patents Approved:

•1800: 41 1800: 41

•1860: 4,357 1860: 4,357

((Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slaveslave))

((Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slaveslave))

Eli Whitney: Eli Whitney:

The Cotton The Cotton

Gin, 1791Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper& the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

1840sSewing Machine

Reform Movement Reform Movement • Transcendentalism is the literary and philosophical

movement felt that individuals could make the world a better place through self-reliance and self-improvement

• Ralph Waldo Emerson writer was responsible for transcendentalist beliefs

• Henry David Thoreau – transcendentalist who believed a person should fight the pressure to conform. Famous works include Walden and Civil Disobedience

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms• The abolition

movement grew in the North, led by William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper, and many New England religious leaders, who saw slavery as a violation of Christian principles

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms

Fredrick Douglas was an escape slave who became the publisher of the newspaper the North Star and would become an avid abolitionist.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms• At the same time the abolitionist movement

grew, another reform movement took root, to give equal rights to women.

1. Seneca Falls Declaration- said the women should be granted the right to vote.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms• At the same time the abolitionist movement

grew, another reform movement took root, to give equal rights to women.

2. Roles of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony, who became involved in women’s suffrage before the Civil War, but continued with the movement after the war.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms Dorothea Dix was the

leader of the movement that started rehabilitation of the mentally ill. This also had to do with prison reform.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms Utopia name was given to the perfect world that many

religious groups believed they could create during the early 1800’s. Brook farm , Oneida, New Harmony are three example of this type.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms Horace Mann 1796—1859, American educator.

He was part of the state board (Massachusetts) of education at a time when the public school system was in very bad condition. Within his 12-year period of service, public interest was aroused, a movement for better teaching and better-paid teachers was instigated, school problems and statistics were brought to light and discussed, training schools for teachers were established, and schoolhouses and equipment were immeasurably improved.

Movements and ReformsMovements and Reforms

Horace Mann