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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
Industry, Immigrants,
and Cities
1870-1900
18
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Industry, Immigrants, and Cities
1870-1900
• New Industry
• New Immigrants
• New Cities
• Conclusion
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Hine’s portrait of a young Jewish woman arriving
from Russia at Ellis Island in 1905.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Learning Objectives
• How did workers respond to the changing
demands of the workplace in the late
nineteenth century?
• What kinds of communities did new
immigrants create in America?
• How did the new cities help create the new
middle class?
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Introduction
• The promise and failure of late-nineteenth-
century America involved a mixture of
great prosperity and opportunity
contrasted by materialistic excesses and
the masking of deep economic and social
divisions.
Gilded Age
- Term applied to late-nineteenth-century America
that refers to the shallow display and worship of
wealth characteristic of the period.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Industry
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Industry
• Between 1870 and 1900, the United
States transformed itself into the world’s
foremost industrial power. However, the
increased concentration of economic
power was challenged by workers,
reformers, and eventually government.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
FIGURE
18–1
Changes in
the
American
Labor
Force,
1870–1910
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Inventing Technology:
The Electric Age
• Technology played a major role in
transforming factory work and increasing
the scale of production as steam and later
electricity freed manufacturers from
dependence on water power.
• In the late 19th century, the United States
became a technological innovator.
Between 1870 and 1900, 900,000 patents
had been issued in the United States.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Inventing Technology:
The Electric Age (cont'd)
• Thomas Edison’s success stimulated
research and development in Europe and
the United States.
• Invention gave the United States a
commanding technological lead.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
An emerging entertainment district in lower
Manhattan at the end of the nineteenth century.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Corporation and Its Impact
• The modern corporation supplied the
structural framework for the transformation
of the American economy.
• The corporation became a significant
factor in the American economy in the
1850s when railroad companies grew.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Corporation and Its Impact
(cont’d)
• The two major advantages of the
corporation were that a corporation can
outlive its founders and its officials and
shareholders are not personally liable for
its debts.
• Large corporations changed the nature of
work and stimulated urban growth.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Corporation and Its Impact
(cont’d)
• Vertical and horizontal integration helped
successful corporations reduce
competition and dominate industries.
Vertical integration
- The consolidation of numerous production
functions, from the extraction of the raw materials
to the distribution and marketing of the finished
products, under the direction of one firm.
Horizontal integration
- The merger of competitors in the same industry.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Corporation and Its Impact
(cont’d)
Trusts
- In late 19th- and early-20th-century usage, refers
to monopolies that eliminated competition and
fixed prices and wages in a given industry.
Increasing numbers of American viewed these
entities as threats to the free enterprise system.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Changing Nature of Work
• By 1906, industrial labor had been
reduced to minute, low-skilled operations,
making skilled artisans obsolete.
• Mechanization and technological
innovation did not reduce employment but
they did eliminate some jobs.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Changing Nature of Work (cont’d)
• Industrial workers shared little of the
wealth generated by industrial expansion.
They labored under unsafe conditions,
generally working 10 hours a day, six days
a week for low wages.
• Workers lived close to factories in poor
environments.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Changing Nature of Work (cont’d)
• Many workers labored in small, cramped,
poorly ventilated sweatshops.
Sweatshops
- Small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments
crammed with workers, often family members,
who pieced together garments.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Smoke belching from Pittsburgh
steel mills in the 1890s
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Child Labor
• Many industries employed children,
including mining, garment trades, and
textile mills.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Working Women
• Low wages for men often required women
to work.
• Women earned lower wages than men
and while more job opportunities opened,
low wages and poor working conditions
continued.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Working Women (cont’d)
• Women also found employment in
downtown department stores.
• By the beginning of the 20th century,
women had gained increased access to
higher education.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
• The growing gap between rich and poor
and concerns about working women led to
reform movements.
• Tenement apartments crammed the urban
poor into crowded apartments in urban
slums. The settlement house arose to deal
with the wretched conditions under which
the urban poor lived.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
(cont’d)
• Industrialists, intellectuals, and some
politicians supported the Gospel of Wealth
theory that helping the poor was of
doubtful value.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
(cont’d)
• Social Darwinism was a flawed attempt to
apply Charles Darwin’s theories to human
society with wealth reflecting fitness and
poverty weakness.
Tenement
- Four- to six-story residential dwelling, once
common in New York and certain other cities, built
on a tiny lot without regard to providing ventilation
or light.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
(cont’d)
Hull House
- Chicago settlement house that became part of a
broader neighborhood Revitalization and
immigrant assistance project led by Jane Addams.
Gospel of Wealth
- Thesis that hard work and perseverance lead to
wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
(cont’d)
Social Darwinism
- The application of Charles Darwin’s theory of
biological evolution to society, holding that the
fittest and the wealthiest survive, the weak and
the poor perish, and government action is unable
to alter this “natural” and beneficial process.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Responses to Poverty and Wealth
(cont’d)
Horatio Alger Stories
- A series of best-selling tales about young rags-to-
riches heroes first published in 1867 stressing the
importance of neat clothes, cleanliness, thrift, and
hard work. The books also highlighted the
importance of chance in getting ahead and the
responsibility of those better off to serve as
positive role models.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Here a “modest” Fifth Avenue
mansion in turn-of-the-century
New York City; farther downtown,
Jacob Riis found this tenement
courtyard.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize
• Economic cycles combined with the
growing power of industrial corporations
and the decreasing power of workers
created social tensions.
• The Great Uprising of 1877 was a railroad
strike notable for the way workers
cooperated with one another.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize (cont'd)
• The Knights of Labor was founded in 1869
and led the movement for an eight-hour
day but employers responded with court
orders and arrests.
• The American Federation of Labor
became the major union for skilled
workers and stressed collective
bargaining.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize (cont'd)
• Violent strikes at Homestead and Pullman
were major setbacks for unions.
Immigrants also weakened labor
radicalism.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize (cont'd)
Molly Maguires
- Secret labor organization of mostly Irish miners in
the Pennsylvania anthracite coal region in the
decade after the Civil War. Named after a woman
who led a massive protest against landlords in
Ireland in the 1840s, the Maguires carried out
selective murders of coal company officials until
an infiltrator exposed the group in 1877 and its
leaders were arrested, tried, and executed.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize (cont'd)
Great Uprising
- Unsuccessful railroad strike of 1877 to protest
wage cuts and the use of federal troops against
strikers; the first nationwide work stoppage in
American history.
Knights of Labor
- Labor union that included skilled and unskilled
workers irrespective of race or gender; founded in
1869, peaked in the 1880s, and declined when its
advocacy of the eight-hour workday led to violent
strikes in 1886.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize (cont'd)
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled
workers along craft lines and emphasized a few
workplace issues rather than a broad social
program.
Collective bargaining
- Representatives of a union negotiating with
management on behalf of all members.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Workers Organize
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Here the Maryland
militia fires at strikers
in Baltimore, killing 12
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Immigrants
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Immigrants
• The late nineteenth century was a period
of unprecedented worldwide population
movements. Between 1870 and 1910, the
U.S. received more than 20 million
immigrants.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 18–1 Patterns of Immigration, 1820–1914
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
FIGURE 18–2 Immigration to the United States,
1870–1915
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Old World Backgrounds
• Economic hardship and religious
persecution triggered migration from
central and southern Europe.
• Economic hardship prompted Chinese
immigration while a land shortage drove
Japanese immigration.
• Initially most immigrants were young men
but by 1900 the number of women
immigrants equaled men.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Old World Backgrounds (cont’d)
• Chain migration involved the migration of
an entire village that followed a small
number of early migrants to a location.
Pogroms
- Government-directed attacks against Jewish
citizens, property, and villages in tsarist Russia
beginning in the 1880s; a primary reason for
Russian Jewish migration to the United States.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Old World Backgrounds (cont’d)
Chain migration
- Process common to many immigrant groups
whereby one family member brings over other
family members, who in turn bring other relatives
and friends and occasionally entire villages.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Victoria de Ortiz came to Nebraska with her family
The black lines are part of the photograph.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Mulberry Street, New York, 1905.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Cultural Connections in a New World
• Immigrants maintained their cultural
traditions through the establishment of
religious and communal institutions.
• These institutions reinforced Old World
culture but informed immigrants about
American ways and encouraged
assimilation into American society.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Job
• Immigrants perceived the job as a way to
independence. Typically, immigrants
received their first job with the help of a
countryman.
• Skills, the local economy, and local
discrimination often determined the type of
work available.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Job (cont’d)
• Stereotypes also channeled immigrants
into certain jobs and industries.
• The goal of most immigrants was to work
for themselves.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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Nativism
• Antiforeign sentiment resurfaced when
immigration swelled after the Civil War.
• Post-Civil War nativism targeted southern
and eastern European Catholics and Jews
and had a pseudoscientific underpinning.
• Nativism stimulated proposals to restrict
immigration, leading to bans on Asian
citizenship and the Chinese Exclusion Act
of 1882.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Nativism (cont'd)
• Immigrants fought attempts to restrict
immigration.
• The immigrant experience of the late
1800s and early twentieth century involved
a process of adjustment between the old
and new.
Nativist/Nativism
- Favoring the interests and culture of native-born
inhabitants over those of immigrants.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
“Throwing Down the Ladder by Which They
Rose,”
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Roots of the Great Migration
• Between 1880 and 1900, African
Americans began moving into the
industrial cities of the Northeast and
Midwest.
• Economic promise and appeals of black
Northerners combined with increasing
persecution in the South, stimulated
African American migration north.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Roots of the Great Migration (cont’d)
• Immigrants took over many traditional
black jobs. Black women had few job
options outside of domestic service.
• African American migrants were restricted
to segregated urban ghettos.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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Roots of the Great Migration (cont’d)
Great Migration
- The mass movement of African Americans from
the rural South to the urban North, spurred
especially by new job opportunities during World
War I and the 1920s.
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An African American religious meeting
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Cities
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
New Cities
• Despite the hardship associated with
urban life, the American city was a magnet
for immigration from abroad and migration
from rural areas.
• Distinctive urban systems began to
emerge in cities across the nation, while
urban growth highlighted the growing
divisions in American society.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 18–2 The Growth of American Cities, 1880–
1900
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Centers and Suburbs
• Downtowns extended up and out pushing
residential neighborhoods out and leaving
the center dominated by corporate
headquarters and retail and entertainment
districts.
• The residential neighborhood emerged as
homes were crowded out of the city
center. Advances in rapid transit
technology eased commuting for workers.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Centers and Suburbs (cont'd)
• Suburbs became the preferred residence
of the urban middle class after 1870.
Privacy, aesthetics, and home ownership
stimulated suburban growth.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The New Middle Class
• The traditional urban middle class included
professionals, doctors, lawyers, educators,
editors, and ministers, as well as
merchants and shopkeepers. Artisans had
dropped out in the late 1800s.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The New Middle Class (cont’d)
• The new urban middle class expanded to
include salespeople, factory supervisors,
managers, civil servants, technicians, and
white collar office workers performing
various jobs.
• The wealthier members of the new middle
class lived in the suburbs.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
A Consumer Society
• The new middle class changed American
into a consumer society and goods
became a symbol of prestige.
• Technology stimulated numerous
household appliances and new products
eased food preparation.
• Advertising created demand and helped
develop loyalty for brand-name products.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
A Consumer Society (cont'd)
• The department store was a middle-class
retail establishment that became a center
of urban downtowns after 1890.
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Window shopping at Marshall Field’s department
store
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The Growth of Leisure Activities
• Leisure and recreation both separated and
cut across social class divisions.
• College football was popular among the
elite, but baseball was the spectator sport
of the middle class, which took it over after
the Civil War.
• The tavern was the workingman’s club.
• Amusement parks were another hallmark
of the industrial city.
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Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn
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General Plan of Riverside, IL
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Seaside, FL, 2000. The prototype for the New
Urbanism.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
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The Ideal City
• For all its problems, the American city was
the locus of the nation’s energy,
generating a sense of limitless possibility
and innovation exemplified by urban
skylines.
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
• The United States changed in the late 19th
century as industrialization and
urbanization proceeded at a rapid pace.
• Immigrants came to America to realize
dreams of freedom and did so to some
degree, but many also experienced the
dark side of American life.
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion (cont'd)
• A variety of organizations and institutions
had emerged to address the worst abuses
of the new urban, industrial order.