Post on 24-Feb-2016
description
A high resolution emission inventory of particulate EC and OC for EuropeHugo Denier van der Gon, Antoon Visschedijk, Rianne Dröge, Maarten Mulder,Jeroen Kuenen (TNO)
Christer Johansson (Stockholm University)
Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA)
Why?
Climate relevantHealth relevantCarbonaceous aerosols important fraction of PM10
Not available for a recent base yearNot available on a desired (high) resolutionWhat about coarse EC and OC?Still mismatch between modelled – measured = not properly understood….
Menu – Just to get the flavour…
Quick guide through methodologyResults – aggregatedCountry differencesFraction Organic Matter in PM2.5Spatial distributionWood combustion adjustmentsMaps!Conclusions
BC, EC, OC, what is what?
Black carbon (BC) and elemental carbon (EC) are operationally defined by measurement method
BC = optical term (highly light-absorbing carbon)EC = chemical term (refractory carbon measured by thermal/optical carbon analyzers
BC and (submicron) EC represent often roughly the same particles
OC = non-carbonate carbonaceous particles other than ECTC = EC + OC (C-mass basis)OM = EC + OC (full molecular mass basis)
METHODOLOGY (SHORT VERSION)
Start from IIASA’s GAINS PM10/2.5/1 emission inventory Deriving representative size-differentiated EC and OC fractions for over 200 source categories using e.g., Kupiainen et al. 2004, Bond et al. 2004; Streets et
al. 2001, Schauer et al. 2006 and more….
EC and OC calculated as a share of PM10/PM2.5/PM1 emissions.Constrains EC / OC and[size-fractionated EC and OC emission factors for all relevant sources / technologies are not available & and/or can vary widely due to different measurement protocols and analytical techniques]
Use new TNO spatial distribution proxy maps
Study area: well beyond EU boundaries
Anthropogenic primary Carbonaceous emissions in Europe 2005 (kt C)
SNAP1 EC_1 EC_1-2.5 EC_2.5-10 OC_2.5 OC_2.5-10 TC_PM10 1 2 18 29 11 3 63 2 143 43 50 395 4 635 3 2 4 5 9 1 21 4 32 4 19 81 29 165 5 1 3 55 1 6 67 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 184 17 8 104 25 338 8 90 5 5 71 0 172 9 35 2 2 63 0 102 10 35 1 2 112 145 295
Total Land based 525 96 176 847 214 1858 International shipping 79 45 7 84 0 215 Europe 604 140 183 931 214 2073
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Combustion inenergy
industries1
Non-industrialcombustion
plants2
Combustion inmanufacturing
industry3
Productionprocesses
4
Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels
5
Solvent use6
Roadtransport
7
Other mobilesources andmachinery
8
Wastetreatment and
disposal9
Agriculture10
OC in PM2.5, 2005 (850 kt)EC 2005 (525 kt)
Netherlands
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Passe
nger
cars,
dies
el
Trucks
and b
usse
s, die
sel
Land
-base
d off-r
oad m
obile
, diese
l
Traditio
nal w
ood st
oves
and f
ireplac
es
Farm an
imals
Wate
rway
s, die
sel
Indus
try
Meat ro
astin
g
Toba
cco s
moking
Househ
old w
aste
burni
ng
Coal sto
ves
Woo
d-fire
d boil
ers
Land
-base
d off-r
oad m
obile
, gas
oline
Other s
ource
s
Em
issi
on (t
onne
s C
) Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
Turkey
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Tradit
ional
wood st
oves
and f
ireplac
es
Truck
s and
buss
es, d
iesel
Indus
try
Woo
d-fire
d boil
ers
Coal sto
ves
Meat r
oasti
ng
Land
-base
d off-r
oad m
obile
, diese
l
Farm an
imals
Passe
nger
cars,
dies
el
Tobacc
o smok
ing
Wate
rway
s, die
sel
Land
-base
d off-r
oad m
obile
, gas
oline
Other s
ource
s
Em
issi
on (t
onne
s C
)
Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
Poland
0
10000
20000
30000
Trad
itiona
l wood
stov
es an
d fire
places
Coal sto
ves
Trucks
and b
usse
s, die
sel
Woo
d-fire
d boil
ers
Land
-base
d off-
road m
obile
, diese
l
Indus
try
Passe
nger
cars,
dies
el
Farm an
imals
Meat r
oasti
ng
Househ
old w
aste
burn
ing
Land
-base
d off-
road m
obile
, gas
oline
Agricu
ltura
l was
te burn
ing
Tobacc
o smok
ing
Wate
rway
s, die
sel
Other s
ource
s
Em
issi
on (t
onne
s C
)
Organic carbon < 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon 1 - 2.5 µm
Elemental carbon < 1 µm
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
Combustion inenergy
industries1
Non-industrialcombustion
plants2
Combustion inmanufacturing
industry3
Productionprocesses
4
Extraction anddistributionfossil fuels
5
Solvent use6
Road transport7
Other mobilesources andmachinery
8
Wastetreatment and
disposal9
Agriculture10
PM2.5 (3400 kt)Total organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 (1700 kt)
Emission of OM vs PM2.5 for Europe in 2005 by source sector
Difference is due to mineral component (ashes)
Difference is due to “product” aerosols (e.g. fertilizer, iron, etc.)
Results: Carbonaceous aerosol < 10 μm (as TC) by compound and size class
Sure, smaller particles are much more relevant for health / climate / transport
But…coarser EC and OC is not negligible
Sources coarse EC (“char”) : domestic combustion and utility combustion of coal, the
storage & handling of coal and coal products, combustion of HFO,
coarse OC from animal husbandry
EC_128%
EC_1-2.55%
EC_2.5-109%
OC_2.546%
OC_2.5-1012%
Updated and improved spatial distribution maps for emission sources (e.g., point sources, road transport, wood combustion)
Road map for Europe based on EU Transtools projectto be used for non-urban traffic
Focus on wood combustion
Domestic use of fuel wood is an extremely important source Wood is a non-commercial fuel - falls outside administration Wood consumption in the past often underestimated
Activity data: In Europe 3 sources (Eurostat, IEA, RAINS/GAINS) Grouped in 5 socio-economic/regional clusters (cluster averages 1.6 – 8.6
MJ/inhabitant) with Scandinavia and Baltic > Continental Europe > Mediterranean > Former Soviet Union > North Sea
Technologies following RAINS (IIASA) Gapfilled missing countries, or unrealistic values Compared to the raw GAINS activity data the reported domestic fuel wood
usage per appliance is modified for 18 countries.
Distribution: Urban vs rural population based on data from SWE, NL, DEU Wood availability (forest in the vicinity)
Note: Transport dominates
Note: coal combustion, shipping (HFO gives rel. large particles), some diesel
Note: coal combustion, coke ovens & storage and handling of coal
Note: wood combustion & transport
Note: agriculture contribution
Conclusions
A European EC and OC emission inventory is compiled for the year 2005 that is consistent with particulate matter inventories. Total PM2.5 for UNECE Europe (excl. shipping) = 3400 kt and about half of this is carbonaceous aerosol (organic matter). EC emission < 1 um = 525 kt, OC in PM2.5 is estimated to be and 847 kt, International shipping adds 79 kt EC and 84 kt OC. Coarse EC and OC is not negligible in terms of PM10 fraction
Conclusions (2)
Diesel use in transport and fuel wood by households are responsible for 70% EC_1 and 56% of OC in PM2.5. A significant adjustment has been made for the emissions and distribution from residential wood combustion. The high resolution inventory of EC and OC is “passed on” to Modelers within the EUCAARI project…..The feedback should help in further improvementsFire emissions for 2005 should be added…..
TNO – SU – IIASAThank you for your
attention
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work has been partly funded by EUCAARI
(European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions) No 036833-2.
European workshop: “The policy relevance of wear emissions from road
transport, now and in the future”
will take place on June 22nd in Amsterdam
for more information contact:magdalena.jozwicka@tno.nl