Post on 22-Feb-2016
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A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food
R. M. Trethowan
A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food
R Trethowan
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1. Creating the genetic potential for better food
- stepwise exploitation of genetic diversity- efficient breeding strategies- collaboration
2. Realizing the genetic potential for better food
- exploiting genotype x crop management x environment interactions
Wheat as an example
More food first: wheat production areas with high (P > 50%) to low probability (P < 20%) of
occurrence of drought stress
High Intermediate Low
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
CIMMYT (2006)
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Adapted cultivars
Landraces
Related species (crossable)
Alien species
Stepwise exploitation of genetic resources
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Chromosome Number of significant markers linked to yield
1A 31B 11D 42A 65A 25B 46A 126D 37A 207D 6
More food first: genetics of wheat yield potential in northwestern NSW
Atta et al 2013
Association analysis of a commercial wheat breeding program
Based on 300 parents & derived progeny tested in multi-environment trials over 3 years
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Crown rot in wheat Complex inheritance of resistance Plenty of genetic variation in the gene pool Low heritability Symptoms exacerbated under moisture stress Shriveled grain impacts processing quality
Marker assisted recurrent selection Combine resistance QTLs in each population Yield testing in paired plots (+/- inoculation) Off season symptom testing
More food first: improving WUE through root health
GRDC supported
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Significant Markers - CSCR16/2/2-49/CUNNINGHAM//KENEDY/3/SUNCO/2*PASTOR(1RDRN#44)
Symptom expression of season (controlled conditions) 1AL, 1BL, 1DL, 2AL, 2BL, 2BS, 3AL, 3DL, 4AL, 4BL, 4DL,
4DS, 5AL, 5AS, 5BS, 5DL, 6AL, 6BL, 6DL, 7AS, 7BS Field
1AL, 2BL, 3AL, 3B(?), 4BL, 4DL, 5BL,6BL
More food first: Recombination of positive gene effects for crown rot resistance
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
More food first: Yield of MARS progeny & best commercial crown rot resistant cultivars, Narrabri
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Minus inoculumPlus inoculum
Yiel
d kg
/ha
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
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Genotypes of an Indo-Australian
parental set (180 genotypes; 1636
polymorphic clones)
More food first: a bilateral international collaboration to exploit genetic diversity
ACIAR supported
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
Sunsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
unsta
te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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te
DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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DBW16/S
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te2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
More food first: Yield (t/ha) of Indo-Australian progeny in northern NSW
Australian parent
Indian parent
DBW16/Sunstate
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
T. dicoccum or durum
A. tauschii
AABBDD
DD
+
AABB
More food first: synthetic wheat as a source of genetic variability
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 193000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
f(x) = 264.08067326481 x + 106.308437530002R² = 0.88187497274732
WUEGrain (kg ha-1 mm-1)
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Envoy Cunningham
Synthetic/Cunningham
Spitfire
Atta et al., 2013
More food first: improved WUE (3-year mean) at Narrabri, NSW
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Cultivar Glu-A3 Glu-A1 Glu-B3 Glu-B1 Glu-D3 Glu-D1 Rmax (BU)
Ext (cm)
Silverstar 1 b a h b b a 310 20.8Silverstar 2 c a h b b a 270 20.3Silverstar 3 b a h b b d 383 20.2Silverstar 4 c a h b b d 343 19.8Silverstar 5 b a h i b a 300 20.7Silverstar 6 c a h i b a 261 20.2Silverstar 7 b a h i b d 369 20.1Silverstar 8 c a h i b d 329 19.7
Better processing quality: making better crosses through prediction of dough quality based on alleles at 6 glutenin loci (Wang et al 2005)
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Higher mortalityHigher morbidityLower cognitive abilityLower work productivityImpaired growthImpaired reproduction5% annual loss in GDP in South Asia
An estimated 3 billion people suffer from Vitamin A, Fe & Zn deficiencies world wide (Graham et al., 2001)
More nutritious food: the consequences of micronutrient malnutrition globally
FAO data, 1999
% Change in Cereal & Pulse Production Between 1965-1999
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50
100
150
200
250
0
50
100
150
200
250Cereal Production Pulse Production Population
Indi
a
Paki
stan
Ban
glad
esh
Indi
a
Ban
glad
esh
Paki
stan
Dev
elop
ed
Dev
elop
ing
Dev
elop
ing
Dev
elop
ing
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
20.88 25.88 30.88 35.88 40.88 45.881127
1327
1527
1727
1927
2127
2327
2527
2727
2927
f(x) = − 25.9624693913538 x + 2745.69612780526R² = 0.117385881783909
Zn grain concentration
Grai
n Yi
eld
kg/h
a
More nutritious food: enhancing levels of essential micronutrients in food
Kapfuchira 2014
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
Fructan and phytate not correlated with Yield (Kapfuchira 2014)
0.111 0.161 0.211 0.261 0.311 0.3611127
1327
1527
1727
1927
2127
2327
2527
2727
2927
f(x) = − 211.961537354218 x + 1968.32253262722R² = 0.000596860467114047
Grain phytate
Grai
n Yi
eld
Kg/h
a
1.13 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.63 1.73 1.83 1.93 2.03 2.131127
1327
1527
1727
1927
2127
2327
2527
2727
2927
f(x) = − 9.9951424239942 x + 1940.05591130409R² = 2.77957676910745E-05
Grain fructan
Grai
n Yi
eld
kg/h
a
More nutritious food: targeting enhancers of micronutrient bioavailability
Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
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› Phytate and Fructan grain concentration are independently inherited.
› No common marker associated with Fe & Zn grain concentration
Trait Chromosome SNP MarkerSource of High Allele LOD Score
Phytate 2B 1279272 IDO 637 2.52
Phytate 3A 2346126 IDO 637 3.31
Phytate 7B 1111547 IRS 812.9 7.17
Fructan 2B 1252182 IRS 812.9 5.91
Fructan 7A 2373159 IRS 812.9 12.00
Fructan 7B 2294143 IDO 637 4.77
Fe 1B 2278693 IRS 812.9 11.36
Fe 3A 1089315 IDO 637 3.73
Fe 6B 1222885 IDO 637 4.25
Zn 3B 1860597 IDO 637 8.74
Zn 6B 1298803 IRS 812.9 4.82
Zn 7B 1104316 IRS 812.9 6.93
More nutritious food: QTL analysis of key nutrients in wheat
Kapfuchira 2014
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Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food
More nutritious food: effect of phytate/fructan level on broiler weight gain (BWG) and food intake (FI) up to 14 days age
High/High
High/Low
Low/High
Low/Low
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
BWG d1-14 KgFI d1-14 kg
Phytate/Fructan level
Kg
BWG d1-14 (kg)
FI d1-14 (kg)
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
High fructanLow fructan
kg
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
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USA 26m
Brazil 25m
Argentina 20m
Canada 13m
Australia 12mParaguay 2m
Exploiting G x M x E: adoption of conservation agriculture globally
105 m ha under conservation agriculture (FAO, 2010)
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Crop Genotype x Tillage
Literature
Wheat +/- Gutierrez (2005); Cox (1991); Wilkes et al (2010); Trethowan et al (2012)
Barley - Ullrich & Muir (1986)Sorghum - Francis et al. (1985)Maize +/- Newhouse (1985); Brakke et al (1983);
Newhouse & Crosbie (1983)Rice - Melo et al (2005)Soybean - Elmore (1990); Pfeiffer (1987)Other pulses ? NA
Exploiting G x M x E: published evidence of genotype x tillage interactions
Five crosses among lines with contrasting responses under zero-tillage
Always selected under zero-tillage
Always selected under conventional tillage
Advanced lines from both selection regimes evaluated under both zero and
conventional tillageSayre & Trethowan
Exploiting G x M x E: can a genotype x tillage practice interaction be designed?
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Effects of Cross and Selection System on Grain Yield Averaged over 2005, 2006 and 2007
Cross x Selection System LSD (0.05) = 143 kg/ ha
5000
5200
5400
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5800
6000
6200
6400
SERI/..BERKUT SW94.../PBW65 FILIN./PASTOR MILAN./PASTOR PFAU../AMAD
Cross
Gra
in y
ield
(kg/
ha)
ZERO TILL SELECTION CONV TILL SELECTION
a
a
a
a
ab
b
a
a
a
Exploiting G x M x E: 3-year mean performance in Mexico
Genotype x tillage practice trials on two soil types at Narrabri
Exploiting G x M x E: QTL mapping of plant response to management regime at Narrabri
:
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
-600
-400
-200
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800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Genotype
Yiel
d di
ffere
nce
kg/h
a (Z
T-CT
)
Krichauff
Berkut
Exploiting G x M x E: yield difference between zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) over two sites and two years at Narrabri
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Chr Interval Treatment Soil type Additive effect %
Allele
1B gwm268/wPt-3475 CT Grey v 8 K
1B wPt-1313/gmw140 CT Grey v 10 K
1D cdf19/wmc216 CT Red k 10 K
2D wPt-3728/cfd44 ZT Grey v 9 K
2D gmw484/wmc27 ZT Red k 9 B
5A cfa2155/wPt1370 ZT Grey v 25 B
5A cfa2115/wPt1370 CT Grey v 14 B
5A cfa2115/wPt1370 CT Red k 9 B
5B wmc99/wPt2373 ZT Grey v 12 B
Trethowan et al. 2012.
Exploiting G x M x E: significant QTLs for yield under contrasting tillage regimes
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
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Genotype 18 Genotype 21 Genotype 228
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10
11
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15
16
17
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Kandosol CTKandosol ZTVertosol CTVertosol ZT
Prot
ein
%
Exploiting G x M x E: variation in total grain protein with genotype, soil and tillage regime
(Wilkes et al 2010)
CT ZT
CT ZT CT ZT
CT ZT CT ZT
CT ZT
Realizing the genetic potential for better food
Total Protein%
Insoluble Protein
Soluble Protein
Starch Amylose Flour Swelling Power
Genotype (G) *** *** ns ** * ***
Soil (S) *** *** ** *** ns ***
Tillage (T) *** ns * * * ***
G x S *** ** ns ns ns ***
G x T *** *** ns ns ** ns
S x T *** *** ns ns *** ns
G x T x S *** *** ns ns ** ns
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Exploiting G x M x E: grain quality implications from genotype x tillage trials, Narrabri
*, **, *** are P<0.05, 0.01, 0.001 respectively
Wilkes et al, 2010
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Genotype x crop management x environment interactions are highly complex but can be manipulated
to enhance both the quantity and quality of our food supply
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Acknowledgements
Funding: GRDC, ACIAR, Generation Challenge Program & the Wheat
Research Foundation
Collaboration:Colleagues across the PBI Australia’s wheat breeding groups & companiesIndian Council for Agricultural ResearchCIMMYT & ICARDA scientistsVeterinary Science, Camden