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Conditionals; Other
Ways to Express
Unreality
Experiences of an
International Traveler
9
Focus on Grammar 5
Part IX, Unit 23
By Ruth Luman, Gabriele Steiner, and BJ WellsCopyright © 2006. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Tired Traveler
If only I had
found a taxi.
I wish I
could brush
my teeth
right now.
If the airport
hadn’t lost my
luggage, I
wouldn’t havebeen delayed.
If I had more
money, Iwould stay at
better hotels.
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Real Conditionals
Real conditionals are sentences that describe situations that occur regularly or are likely orpossible in the future.
If we don’t get to the station on time, the train will leave withoutus.
In present-time
situations, use the simple
present in both clauses
to describe habitual or
regularly occurring
actions.
In future-time
situations, use the
simple present in the if
clause and the future
with will or be going to in the result clause.
If I don’t put sunscreen
on, I get a bad sunburn.
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Unreal Conditionals
Unreal conditionals are sentences that describesituations that are untrue, unlikely, or impossible in the
present or the past.
In present-time
situations, use the
simple past in the
if clause and
would, cou ld, or
migh t plus thebase form of the
verb in the result
clause.
If I had enough
money, I would
visit Paris.
She doesn’t have enough
money and she won’t
visit Paris.
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He didn’t travel with amap, so he got lost.
Present Unreal Conditionals
Use the simple past in the if clause. If the verb is be ,use were for all persons. Use could , migh t , or would
+ base form in the result clause.
If I were a better planner I
wouldn’t travel without a map.
Where’s my wallet?
If he were more careful, he would notice that his
wallet was missing.
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Past Unreal Conditionals
Use the past unreal conditional for past unreal, untrue, imagined, orimpossible conditions and their unreal results. Use the past perfect in the
if clause. Use cou ld , migh t , or wou ld + have + past participle in the
result clause.
If I had looked at a map, I
wouldn’t have gotten lost.
He didn’t look at amap, so he got lost.
Where’s my wallet?
If he had been more careful,
he might have noticed his
wallet was missing.
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Practice 1Look at the chart and complete
the conditionals with your own
ideas.
Real Unreal Past Unreal
If + simple present
ANDsimple present
If + simple present
ANDwil l + base form verb
If + simple past
AND
would /cou ld /might
+ base form verb
If + past perfect
AND
would /cou ld /might
+ have
+ past participle verb
Examples:
If I had enough money, …
If I have enough money, …
If I had had a lot of money,…
I would travel to Asia.
I will travel to Asia.
I would have traveled to Asia.
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1. If I visit Europe, …
2. … , I might not have gotten sick.
3. If we took an airplane,…
4. If we had made reservations, …
5. … , I would learn Russian.
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Wish 1
Use wish + cou ld / would + base form toexpress a wish about the future.
I wish that baby
would stop crying.
This is what he wants, but
he is not sure if the baby
will change his behavior.
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Wish 2
Use wish + the simple past to express awish about the present.
I wish I
caught an
earlier flight. I wish I had more leg
room.
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Hope and Wish
Don’t confuse hope and wish .
I hope I get to the plane
on time.
I wish (that) I
didn’t have so
much luggage.
Use hop e to
express a desire
about events that
are possible or
probable.
Use wish to express
regrets about things
that are unlikely or
impossible to change.
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If On ly
If on ly can also be used to express wishes.
If only they wouldn’t
leave me here for the
rest of my life.
If only they
could see me.
Present
Future
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Practice 2Use the pictures to make
statements using wish and if only.
Make statements about the
present, future, and past.
I wish I could take
the bus.
Example:
If only I’d make
my flight.
1. 2. 3.
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education and
its licensors. All rights reserved.
References