Post on 13-Dec-2015
9 Animal Phyla + Plant Slides
InvertebrateInvertebratess
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Invertebrate Phyla• Porifera• Cnidarians• Platyhelminthes• Nematodes• Mollusks• Annelids• Echinoderms• Arthropods
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Sponges (Porifera)• Most primitive• Cells relatively
independent• Mostly marine• No Symmetry
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Cnidarians• Mostly marine• Radial Symmetry
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Cnidarians• Jellyfish• Hydra• Coral
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•Sea anemone
•Portuguese Man-O-War
Platyhelminthes• Flatworms• Bilateral
symmetry• Cephalization
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Planarian – freshwater flatworm
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Nematodes• Tube-like
digestive tract• Roundworms!• Mouth and anus• No segmentation
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Mollusks• Clams, snails,
squids• Varied habitats
– Marine– Freshwater– Terrestrial
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Annelids• Segmented
worms• Common
earthworm• Leech
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Arthropods• Joint-legged
animals• External skeleton• Huge variation –
mostly insects
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EchinodermsEchinoderms
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DiversityDiversity
Echinodermata means “spiny skin” Echinoderms usually inhabit shallow
coastal waters and ocean trenches organisms in this class include:
• Sea stars• Brittle stars• Sand dollars• Sea cucumbers
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
change from a free-swimming bilaterally symmetrical larva to a bottom-dwelling adult with radial symmetry.
Most have five radii or multiples which is known as pentaradial symmetry
they have an endoskeleton that is made up of calcium plates, may include protruding spines
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Have small feet called tube feet that aid in movement, feeding, respiration, & excretion.
Do not have circulatory, respiratory of excretory systems.
Have a nervous system but no head or brain.
There are two sexes and they can produce sexually and asexually.
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Water-Vascular SystemWater-Vascular System
hydrostatic pressure permits movement
Path of water in the Water-Vascular System
enters sieve plate passes through stone canal traces a path from the ring canal
encircling mouth to 5 radial canals that extend to each arm
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ampulla: bulblike sac that each foot connects to
feet contract, water enters and are able to suction onto surface of slippery rocks
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Feeding & DigestionFeeding & Digestion
uses feet eat mollusks, worms, and slow-moving
animals enzymes help digest food
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Other Body PartsOther Body Parts
fluid in coelom bathes organs & distributes nutrients & oxygen
skin gills: protect coelom lining; gases are exchanged
nerve ring: surrounds mouth & branches off into nerve cords in each arm.
Eyespots: on each arm that responds to light
tentacles: responds to touch
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ReproductionReproduction
each arm produces sperm & egg occurs externally bipinnaria: free-swimming larva that a
fertilized egg develops into settles in the bottom and develops into an
adult through metamorphosis reproduce asexually by regenerating lost
parts
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Echinoderms• Always marine• Starfishes, sea
urchins, sea lilies• Spiny skin
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Brittle Star – An Echinoderm
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Chapter 34
Vertebrates
• Overview: Half a Billion Years of Backbones
• By the end of the Cambrian period, some 540 million years ago– An astonishing variety of animals inhabited
Earth’s oceans
• One of these types of animals– Gave rise to vertebrates, one of the most
successful groups of animals
• The animals called vertebrates– Get their name from vertebrae, the series of
bones that make up the backbone
Figure 34.1
• There are approximately 52,000 species of vertebrates– Which include the largest organisms ever to
live on the Earth
• What is a deuterostome?
• What is a protostome?
Tomorrow
• Exit quiz on 9 phla
• Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• Vertebrates are a subphylum of the phylum Chordata
• Chordates are bilaterian animals– That belong to the clade of animals known as
Deuterostomia
• Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, the urochordates and cephalochordates– Are more closely related to vertebrates than to
invertebrates
Derived Characters of Chordates
• All chordates share a set of derived characters– Although some species possess some of
these traits only during embryonic development
Musclesegments
Brain
Mouth
Anus
Dorsal,hollownerve cord
Notochord
Muscular,post-anal tail
Pharyngealslits or clefts
Figure 34.3
Notochord• The notochord
– Is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord
– Provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate
• In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops– And the adult retains only remnants of the
embryonic notochord
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
• The nerve cord of a chordate embryo– Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls
into a tube dorsal to the notochord– Develops into the central nervous system: the
brain and the spinal cord
Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts• In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts– Develop into slits that open to the outside of the
body
• These pharyngeal slits– Function as suspension-feeding structures in
many invertebrate chordates– Are modified for gas exchange in aquatic
vertebrates– Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in
terrestrial vertebrates
Muscular, Post-Anal Tail• Chordates have a tail extending posterior to
the anus– Although in many species it is lost during
embryonic development
• The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles– And it provides much of the propelling force in
many aquatic species
• Concept 34.2: Craniates are chordates that have a head
• The origin of a head– Opened up a completely new way of feeding for
chordates: active predation
• Craniates share some common characteristics– A skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
• A phylogeny of amniotes
Figure 34.23
Synapsids
Ancestralamniote
Reptiles
Diapsids
Archosaurs
Saurischians
Lepidosaurs
Dinosaurs
Par
arep
tiles
Turt
les
Cro
codi
lians
Pte
rosa
urs
Orn
ithis
chia
ndi
nosa
urs
Sau
risch
ian
dino
saur
s ot
her
than
bird
s
Bir
ds
Ple
sios
aurs
Icht
hyos
aurs
Tuat
ara
Squ
amat
es
Mam
mal
s
Derived Characters of Amniotes
• Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg– Which contains specialized membranes that
protect the embryo
• The extraembryonic membranes– Have various functions
Figure 34.24Shell
Albumen
Yolk (nutrients)
Amniotic cavitywith amniotic fluid
Embryo
Yolk sac. The yolk sac contains the yolk, a stockpile of nutrients. Blood vessels in the yolk sac membrane transport nutrients from the yolk into the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen (“egg white”).
Allantois. The allantois is a disposalsac for certain metabolic wastes pro-duced by the embryo. The membraneof the allantois also functions withthe chorion as a respiratory organ.
Amnion. The amnion protectsthe embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions againstmechanical shock.
Chorion. The chorion and the membrane of the allantois exchange gases between the embryo and the air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the shell.
Extraembryonic membranes
• Amniotes also have other terrestrial adaptations– Such as relatively impermeable skin and the
ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
Early Amniotes
• Early amniotes– Appeared in the Carboniferous period– Included large herbivores and predators
Reptiles
• The reptile clade includes– The tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles,
crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs
• Reptiles– Have scales that create a waterproof barrier– Lay shelled eggs on land
Figure 34.25
• Most reptiles are ectothermic– Absorbing external heat as the main source of
body heat
• Birds are endothermic– Capable of keeping the body warm through
metabolism
The Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of Reptiles
• The oldest reptilian fossils– Date to about 300 million years ago
• The first major group of reptiles to emerge– Were the parareptiles, which were mostly
large, stocky herbivores
Lepidosaurs
• One surviving lineage of lepidosaurs– Is represented by two species of lizard-like
reptiles called tuatara
Figure 34.27a (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
Birds
• Birds are archosaurs– But almost every feature of their reptilian
anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptation to flight
Derived Characters of Birds
• Many of the characters of birds– Are adaptations that facilitate flight
• A bird’s most obvious adaptations for flight– Are its wings and feathers
Figure 34.28a–c
(a) wing
(b) Bone structure
Finger 1
(c) Feather structure
ShaftBarbBarbuleHook
Vane
Shaft
ForearmWrist
Palm
Finger 3
Finger 2
• By 150 million years ago– Feathered theropods had evolved into birds
• Archaeopteryx– Remains the oldest bird knownFigure 34.29
Toothed beak
Airfoil wing with contour feathers
Long tail with many vertebrae
Wing claw
Living Birds
• The ratites, order Struthioniformes– Are all flightless
Figure 34.30a
(a) Emu. This ratite lives in Australia.
• Concept 34.7: Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
• Mammals, class Mammalia– Are represented by more than 5,000 species
Derived Characters of Mammals
• Mammary glands, which produce milk– Are a distinctively mammalian character
• Hair is another mammalian characteristic
• Mammals generally have a larger brain– Than other vertebrates of equivalent size
• The jaw was remodeled during the evolution of mammals from nonmammalian synapsids– And two of the bones that formerly made of
the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear
Sound Sound
Jaw joint Jaw joint Key
DentaryAngularSquamosal
ArticularQuadrate
Dimetrodon Morganucodon
Dimetrodon Morganucodon
Eardrum
Eardrum Middle ear Middle earStapes Inner ear
Inner ear
Stapes
Incus (evolvedfrom quadrate)
Malleus (evolvedfrom articular)
(b) During the evolutionary remodeling of the mammalian skull, the quadrate and articular bones became incorporated into the middle ear as two of the three bones that transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The steps in this evolutionary remodeling are evident in a succession of fossils.
(a) The lower jaw of Dimetrodon is composed of several fused bones; two small bones, the quadrate and articular, form part of the jaw joint. In Morganucodon, the lower jaw is reduced to a single bone, the dentary, and the location of the jaw joint has shifted.
Figure 34.32a, b
Monotremes
• Monotremes– Are a small group of egg-laying mammals
consisting of echidnas and the platypus
Figure 34.33
Marsupials
• Marsupials– Include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
• A marsupial is born very early in its development– And completes its embryonic development
while nursing within a maternal pouch called a marsupium
Figure 34.34a
(a) A young brushtail possum. The young of marsupials are born very early in their development. They finish their growth while nursing from a nipple (in their mother’s pouch in most species).
• In some species of marsupials, such as the bandicoot– The marsupium opens to the rear of the
mother’s body as opposed to the front, as in other marsupials
Figure 34.34b
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot. Most bandicoots are diggers and burrowers that eat mainly insects but also some small vertebrates andplant material. Their rear-opening pouch helps protect the young from dirt as the mother digs. Other marsupials, such as kangaroos, have a pouch that opens to the front.
• In Australia, convergent evolution– Has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that
resemble eutherians in other parts of the world
Figure 34.35
Marsupial mammals Eutherian mammals
Plantigale
Marsupial mole
Sugar glider
Wombat
Tasmanian devil
Kangaroo
Deer mouse
Mole
Woodchuck
Flying squirrel
Wolverine
Patagonian cavy
Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
• Compared to marsupials– Eutherians have a longer period of pregnancy
• Young eutherians– Complete their embryonic development within
a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
• Phylogenetic relationships of mammals
Figure 34.36
Ancestral mammal
Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians
Monotremata Marsupialia Xenarthra
Proboscidea SireniaTubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)Macroscelidea (elephant shrews)
RodentiaLagomorphaPrimatesDermoptera (flying lemurs)Scandentia (tree shrews)
CarnivoraCetartiodactylaPerissodactylaChiropteraEulipotyphlaPholidota (pangolins)
Possible phylogenetic tree of mammals. All 20 extant orders of mammals are listed at the top of the tree. Boldfaced orders are explored on the facing page.
This diverse clade includes terrestrial and marine mammals as well as bats,the only flying mammals. A growingbody of evidence, including Eocene fossils of whales with feet,supports putting whales inthe same order (Cetartiodactyla) as pigs, cows, and hippos.
This is the largest eutherian clade. It includes the rodents, which make up the largest mammalian order by far, with about 1,770 species. Humansbelong to the order Primates.
All members of this clade, which underwent an adaptive radiation in South America, belong to the order Xenarthra. One species, the nine-banded armadillo, is found in the southern United States.
This clade of eutherians evolved in Africa when the continent was isolated from other landmasses. It includesEarth’s largest living land animal (the African elephant), as well as species that weighless than 10 g.
• The major eutherian orders
Figure 34.36
ORDERSAND EXAMPLES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Monotremata Platypuses, echidnas
Proboscidea Elephants
SireniaManatees,dugongs
CetartiodactylaArtiodactylsSheep, pigs cattle, deer,giraffes
Lagomorpha Rabbits, hares, picas
Carnivora Dogs, wolves,bears, cats, weasels, otters,seals, walruses
Xenarthra Sloths, anteaters,armadillos
CetaceansWhales,dolphins,porpoises
Echidna
African elephant
Manatee
Tamandua
Jackrabbit
Coyote
Bighorn sheep
Pacific white-sided porpoise
Lay eggs; nonipples; young suck milk fromfur of mother
Long, musculartrunk; thick, loose skin; upper incisors elongated as tusks
Aquatic; finlikeforelimbs and no hind limbs; herbivorous
Reduced teeth orno teeth; herbivorous(sloths) or carnivorous (anteaters, armadillos)
Chisel-like incisors; hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running and jumping
Sharp, pointed canineteeth and molars for shearing; carnivorous
Hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous
Aquatic; streamlinedbody; paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs; thicklayer of insulating blubber; carnivorous
Diet consists mainly of insects and other small invertebrates
Adapted for flight; broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or herbivorous
Hooves with an odd number of toeson each foot; herbivorous
Opposable thumbs; forward-facing eyes; well-developed cerebral cortex; omnivorous
Chisel-like, continuously growing incisors worn down by gnawing;herbivorous
Short legs; stumpy tail; herbivorous; complex, multichamberedstomach
Teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together; eats ants and termites
Embryo completes development in pouch on mother
ORDERSAND EXAMPLES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
MarsupialiaKangaroos,opossums,koalas
TubulidentataAardvark
HyracoideaHyraxes
ChiropteraBats
PrimatesLemurs,monkeys,apes,humans
PerissodactylaHorses,zebras, tapirs,rhinoceroses
RodentiaSquirrels,beavers, rats, porcupines,mice
Eulipotyphla“Core insecti-vores”: some moles, some shrews Star-nosed
mole
Frog-eating bat
Indian rhinoceros
Golden lion tamarin
Red squirrel
Rock hyrax
Aardvark
Koala
Primates
• The mammalian order Primates include– Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
• Humans are members of the ape group
Derived Characters of Primates• Most primates
– Have hands and feet adapted for grasping
• Primates also have – A large brain and short jaws– Forward-looking eyes close together on the
face, providing depth perception– Well-developed parental care and complex
social behavior– A fully opposable thumb