9 - 1CH110: Chpt 9

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

Acids & Bases Acids & Bases

Ionization of WaterIonization of Water

pHpH

Acid-Base ReactionsAcid-Base Reactions

9 - 2CH110: Chpt 9

Remember ElectrolytesRemember Electrolytes

Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

IonicIonic CovalentCovalent

9 - 3CH110: Chpt 9

AcidsAcids

H+

HC2H3O2

H+C2H3O2

1-

C2H3O21- H+

H-Cl

H+Cl-

Cl-

WeakWeak StrongStrong

Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions

9 - 4CH110: Chpt 9

AcidsAcids

AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water

H+

H-Cl

H+Cl-

Cl-

HCl

H+ + Cl-

hydrogen ionhydrogen ion

9 - 5CH110: Chpt 9

AcidsAcids

H-Cl + H-O-H

+ Cl-

hydronium ionhydronium ion

HO

H

H+

HO

H

H+

Cl-

H-ClH-Cl

AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water

9 - 6CH110: Chpt 9

CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid

Coca Cola Carbonated Water

Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin

H2SO4

HCl

H3PO4

H2CO3

HC2H3O2

H3C6O7H8

HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8

SulfurSulfuricic AcidAcidHydroHydrochlorchloricic AcidAcid

PhosphorPhosphoricic AcidAcid

CarbonCarbonicic AcidAcidAcetAceticic AcidAcidCitrCitricic AcidAcid AscorbAscorbicic AcidAcid TartarTartaricic AcidAcidAcetyl SalicylAcetyl Salicylicic AcidAcid

9 - 7CH110: Chpt 9

Naming AcidsNaming Acids

Binary AcidsBinary Acids: : Hydrogen & Hydrogen & non metalnon metal..

ex. ex. HCl HBr HHCl HBr H22SS

hydrohydro- ______________-- ______________-icic Acid Acid

HCl HCl HydroHydrochlorchloricic acid acidHH22S S HydroHydrosulfursulfuricic acid acid

9 - 8CH110: Chpt 9

Naming Oxygen containing acidsNaming Oxygen containing acids

OxoacidsOxoacids: : HydrogenHydrogen, , oxygenoxygen, and a , and a nonmetalnonmetal

ex. ex. HNOHNO33 HNO HNO22 H H22SOSO4 4

The higher number of O’sThe higher number of O’s____________________________--icic AcidAcidHNOHNO33 = Nitr = Nitricic Acid Acid

The lower number of O’sThe lower number of O’s______________ ______________ --ousous ending.ending.HNOHNO22 = Nitr = Nitrousous AcidAcid

9 - 9CH110: Chpt 9

THE COMMON THE COMMON -IC-IC ACIDS ACIDS

H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID

HNO3 NITRIC ACID

H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID

H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID

HClO3 CHLORIC ACID

9 - 13CH110: Chpt 9

H2SO4

HCl

H3PO4

H2CO3

HC2H3O2

H3C6O7H8

HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8

CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid

Coca Cola Carbonated Water

Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin

StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte

WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte

•Taste sourTaste sour

9 - 14CH110: Chpt 9

AcidsAcidsH-Cl + H-O-H + Cl-

HO

H

H+

HO

H

H+

Cl-

H-ClH-Cl

H+

HC2H3O2

C2H3O21-

HC2H3O2

H-C2H3O2 + H-O-HH

OH

H+ + C2H3O2

-

9 - 15CH110: Chpt 9

AcidsAcids

H+

H-Cl

H+Cl-

Cl-

WeakWeak StrongStrong

Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions

H+

HC2H3O2

C2H3O21-

HC2H3O2

9 - 16CH110: Chpt 9

BaseBase = gives hydroxide ions in water.(Arrhenius definition)

= takes hydrogen ions in water.(Bronsted-Lowry definition)

BasesBases

NaOH

Na+ + OH-OH-

OH-

Na+

Na+

NaOH

9 - 17CH110: Chpt 9

Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash

Cleaners

Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents

NaOH KOH

NH3 or NH4OH

Mg(OH)2

NaHCO3

CaCO3

NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S

Sodium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide

Ammonia

Magnesium HydroxideSodium BicarbonateCalcium Carbonate

Sodium Palmitate Sodium Lauryl

Sulfate

9 - 18CH110: Chpt 9

Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash

Cleaners

Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents

NaOH KOH

NH3 or NH4OH

Mg(OH)2

NaHCO3

CaCO3

NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S

StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte

WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte

•Taste bitterTaste bitter•Feel SlipperyFeel Slippery

9 - 19CH110: Chpt 9

HClO4

H2SO4

HIHBrHCl

HNO3

Perchloric AcidSulfuric AcidHydroIodic AcidHydrobromic AcidHydrochloric AcidNitric Acid

Strong AcidsStrong Acids

LiOHOHNaOH KOH Ca(OHOH)2

Lithium HydroxideSodium HydroxidePotassium HydroxideCalcium Hydroxide

Strong BasesStrong Bases

9 - 20CH110: Chpt 9

HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3

-

Water is AmphotericWater is Amphoteric

AcidAciddonates a proton

BaseBasetakes

a proton

NHNH33 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

NHNH33

AcidAciddonates a proton

BaseBasetakes

a proton

HHNONO33

AcidAciddonates a proton

BaseBasetakes

a proton

AcidAcid BaseBase

9 - 21CH110: Chpt 9

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

9 - 22CH110: Chpt 9

HH22COCO33 + H + H22O HO H33OO++ + + HCOHCO33--

Conjugate Acid - Base PairsConjugate Acid - Base Pairs

conjugate pairconjugate pair

ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acid conj baseconj baseconjugate pairconjugate pair

9 - 23CH110: Chpt 9

HH22OO

Conjugate Acid - Base PairsConjugate Acid - Base Pairs

Acid - Acid - BaseBaseHH22COCO33 HHCOCO33

1-1- COCO332-2-

HH33OO++ HOHO1-1-

HH33POPO44HH22POPO44

1-1- POPO443-3-HHPOPO44

2-2-

Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase

Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase

Acid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBaseAcid - Acid - BaseBase Acid - Acid - BaseBase Acid - Acid - BaseBase

9 - 24CH110: Chpt 9

HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++

Ionization of WaterIonization of Water

conjugate pairconjugate pair

ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base

conjugate pairconjugate pair

9 - 25CH110: Chpt 9

HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++

Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water

ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base

0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM

0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM

Neutral: if [HNeutral: if [H33OO++] = [OH] = [OH--] ]

Acidic: if [HAcidic: if [H33OO++] > [OH] > [OH--] ]

Basic: if [HBasic: if [H33OO++] < [OH] < [OH--] ]

9 - 26CH110: Chpt 9

HH22O O + H + H22O O HOHO-- + + HH33OO++

Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water

ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base

0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM

0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM

KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14

[H[H33OO++] [OH] [OH--] = (1 x 10] = (1 x 10-7-7)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-7-7) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14

9 - 27CH110: Chpt 9

pH pH pH pH

= 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]

HCl

HC2H3O2

H2O

NaOH

0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M

[H+]

0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M

0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10 -12 M

100 M = 1 x 10 2 M

77

44

1212

-2-2

990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -9-9 M MNHNH33

NeutralNeutral

AcidicAcidic

BasicBasic

9 - 28CH110: Chpt 9

pHpH pHpH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]

HCl

HC2H3O2

H2O

NaOH

0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M

[H+]

0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M

0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10 -12 M

100 M = 1 x 10 2 M

77

44

1212

-2-2

990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -9-9 M MNHNH33

NeutralNeutral

AcidicAcidic

BasicBasic

Citric AcidCitric Acid 0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 = 7.6 x 10 -4-4 M M

9 - 29CH110: Chpt 9

pH pH pH pH

= 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]pH = pH = - log [H+]

HC2H3O2

[H+]

0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M 44

3 - 43 - 43 - 43 - 4

Citric AcidCitric Acid

0.001 M = 1 x 10 -3 M

0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 = 7.6 x 10 -4-4 M M

33

pH = pH = - log (7.6 x 10 -4)pH = pH = - log (7.6 x 10 -4)

= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1

9 - 30CH110: Chpt 9

pH pH pH pH

[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH pH = pH = - log [H+]pH = pH = - log [H+]

0.000,000,04 M = 4.0 x 10 4.0 x 10 -8-8 M M

9.39.3

8.58.58.58.5Baking Baking SodaSoda

= 1 x 10 -8.5 M= 3.2 x 10 3.2 x 10 -9-9 M M

pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)

= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4

CleanerCleaner = 1 x 10 -9.4 M= 5.0 x 10 5.0 x 10 -10-10 M M

BloodBlood

9 - 31CH110: Chpt 9

pH of somepH of somecommon materialscommon materials

Substance pH

1 M HCl1 M HCl 0.0

Lemon juiceLemon juice 2.3

CoffeeCoffee 5.0

Pure WaterPure Water 7.0

BloodBlood 7.35-7.45

MilkMilk of Magnesia 10.5

1M NaOH1M NaOH 14.0

9 - 35CH110: Chpt 9

pH paperpH paper::

LitmusLitmus paperpaper::

Anthocyanins:Anthocyanins:red cabbagered cabbage, , cranberriescranberries, , rosesroses……

Phenolphthalein:Phenolphthalein:Turmeric:Turmeric:

pH meter:pH meter:

Pigments:Pigments:

9 - 36CH110: Chpt 9

Indicator examplesIndicator examplesAcid-base indicators undergo a color change

at a known pH.

bromthymol blue

phenolphthalein methyl red

9 - 37CH110: Chpt 9

Acid ReactionsAcid Reactions

HCl + Zn HCl + Zn

ClCl--

ZnZn

HH++

ZnZnClCl22 + + HH22

AcidAcid MetalMetal SaltSalt

9 - 38CH110: Chpt 9

Activity series of metalsActivity series of metals

potassiumsodium

potassiumsodium

calciumcalcium

magnesiumaluminum

zincchromium

magnesiumaluminum

zincchromium

ironnickel

tinlead

ironnickel

tinlead

coppersilver

platinumgold

coppersilver

platinumgold

incr

easi

ng

rea

ctiv

ity

Reacts violently with cold water

Reacts slowly with cold water

Reacts very slowly with steambut quite reactive in acid

Reacts moderately with highlevels of acid

Unreactive in acid

9 - 39CH110: Chpt 9

AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions

HClHCl + + NaOHNaOH

OHOH--

ClCl--

NaNa++

HH++

NaNaClCl + + HHOHOH

AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater

Neutralization:Neutralization:Strong AcidStrong Acid

++Strong BaseStrong Base

9 - 40CH110: Chpt 9

AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions

HH22SOSO44 + + KOHKOH

OHOH--

SOSO44-2-2

KK++

HH++

KK22SOSO44 + + HHOHOHAcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater

2222

9 - 41CH110: Chpt 9

AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions

HCHC22HH33OO22 + + NaHCONaHCO33

HCOHCO331-1-

CC22HH33OO221-1-

NaNa++

HH++

NaNaCC22HH33OO22 + + HH22COCO33

AcidAcid BaseBase

SaltSalt

HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)

Vinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking Soda

9 - 42CH110: Chpt 9

AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions

Acid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on Marble

Cream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking Soda

HCHC22HH33OO22 + + NaHCONaHCO33 NaNaCC22HH33OO22 + + HH22COCO33

HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)

AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt

HH22SOSO44 + + CaCOCaCO33 CaCaSOSO44 + + HH22COCO33

HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)

AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt

9 - 43CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 44CH110: Chpt 9

AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions

Lemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on Fish

HH33CC66HH88OO77 + R- + R-NHNH22 CC66HH88OO771-1- + R-N + R-NHH33

1+1+

AcidAcid BaseBaseSaltSalt

9 - 45CH110: Chpt 9

BuffersBuffers• Weak acid + Weak baseWeak acid + Weak base• Resists change in pHResists change in pH

NaCNaC22HH33OO22HCHC22HH33OO22

NaNaCC22HH33OO2 2 + H+ H22OO

HClHClNaOHNaOH

NaNaClCl + + HHCC22HH33OO22

9 - 53CH110: Chpt 9

pOH examplespOH examples

Determine the following: pOH = -log[OH-]

or 14 - pH1. pOH of 1.7x10-4 M NaOH pOH = 3.8 pH = 10.2

2. pOH of 5.2x10-12 M H+

pH = 11.2 pOH = 2.8

3. [OH-] , if the pH is 4.5 pOH = 9.5 [OH-] = 3.2x10-10 M

9 - 54CH110: Chpt 9

pH scalepH scale

A log based scale used to keep track of the large change important to acids and bases.

14 7 0

10-14 M 10-7 M 1 MVery Neutral VeryBasic Acidic

When you add an acid, the pH gets smaller.

When you add a base, the pH gets larger.