Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

8051 hardware summary

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

8051 block diagram

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

8051 pinouts

+ 5V

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

ports

• port 0 : dual-purpose (general-purpose, external memory address and data)

• port 1 : dedicated (interfacing to external devices)

• port 2 : dual-purpose (general-purpose, external memory address and data)

• port 3 : dual-purpose (general-purpose, special features)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

port 3 – special features

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

bus control signals

• PSEN : Program Store Enable (enables external program memory)

• ALE : Address Latch Enable (demultiplexing the address and data bus)

• EA : External Access (program execution from external or internal memory, programming of internal PEROM)

• RST : Reset (system start-up)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

on-chip oscillator inputs

• on-chip oscillator can either be driven by a crystal (~ 12 MHz) or a TTL clock source

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

I/O port structure

• 4 low-power Schottky TTL loads for ports 1, 2, 3

• 8 LS loads for Port 0

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

pull-up / pull-down resistors

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

TTL vs. CMOS

Transistor-Transistor Logic

• BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistor) + resistors• low power consumption (more power consumption at rest, however it does not increase much with clock speed compared to CMOS)• easier design rules• slower

Complementary-symmetry Metal-Oxide-

Semiconductor

• MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors)• high power consumption (it increases dramatically with clock speed)• harder to design• faster

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

TTL vs. CMOS (cont’d)

TTL NAND gate

CMOS NAND gate

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

memory organization

• 128B internal RAM

• 4KB ROM

• can be expanded to 64KB code memory and 64KB data memory

• registers and I/O ports are memory-mapped and accessible like any other memory location

• stack resides within the internal RAM (unlike microprocessors using external RAM for stack)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

internal RAM

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

general-purpose RAM

• 00H – 2FH can be used as similar (80B + 48B = 128B)

• any location in the general-purpose RAM can be accessed freely using direct and indirect addressing modes

MOV A, 5FH

MOV R0, #5FH

MOV A, @R0

direct addressing

indirect addressing

80B

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

bit-addressable RAM

• 210 bit-addressable locations

• individually accessing bits

SETB 67H

MOV A, 2CH

ORL A, #10000000B

MOV 2CH, A

microcontroller microprocessor

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

register banks

default by system reset

MOV A, R5

MOV A, 05H

register addressing

direct addressing

1B

2B

PSW context-switching

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Special Function Registers

• 21 SFRs

• some of them are both bit-addressable and byte-addressable

SETB E0H

E0H : bit-address of the accumulator

E0H : byte-address of the accumulator

P0 : 80H (80H – 87H)

{10000xxx}

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Program Status Word

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

CarrY flag of PSW

arithmetic operations boolean accumulator

ADD A, #1 ; A = FFH ANL C, 25H

CY is set result is stored in CY

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Auxiliary Carry flag of PSW

checks the lower nibble of result in BCD addition

XXXX 1010

if {0AH – OFH} AC is set

DA A ; Decimal Adjust Accumulator (result back in range 9)

DA must follow the addition

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Flag 0 of PSW

general-purpose flag bit, F0(for user applications)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Register bank Select bits of PSW

SETB RS1

SETB RS0

MOV A, R7

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

OVerflow flag of PSW

• when unsigned numbers are added or subtracted, OV can be ignored

• when signed numbers are added or subtracted, results out of {-128 to +127} sets OV

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Parity bit of PSW

• P bit is automatically set or cleared with each machine cycle (even parity check on accumulator)

• if [number of 1’s in accumulator] + 1 = even

then (P = 1)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

B register

MUL AB ; A(8-bit) X B(8-bit) = 16-bit result (high-byte, low-byte)

DIV AB ; A(8-bit) / B(8-bit) = 8-bit integer result, 8-bit remainder

it can also be used as a general-purpose scratch-pad register

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Stack Pointer

• push -> first SP+1, then write data

• pop -> first read data, then SP-1

• default by system reset : 07H

MOV SP, #5FH ; beginning address of stack = 60H

be very careful of what you are doing if you do not initialize your own stack space but still use context switching, and PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, RETI instructions on stack space (SS)

!

!

!

32B SS

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Data PoinTeR

high-byte - DPH

low-byte - DPL

• accessing external code or external data memory

MOV A, #55H ; immediate addressing

MOV DPTR, #1000H ; immediate addressing

MOVX @DPTR, A ; indirect addressing

55H

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Port registers

• ports 0,2 and 3 may not be available for I/O if external memory is used or if some 8051 special features (interrupts, serial ports, etc.) are used

• P1.2 to P1.7 are always available for general purpose I/O lines

SETB P1.7

CLR P1.7

JB P1.5, WAITWAIT:

“1” device busy “0” device ready

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Timer registers

high-byte – TH1

high-byte – TH0

low-byte – TL1

low-byte – TL0

Timer MODe register

Timer CONtrol register

• two 16-bit timer/counters

• Timer 0 : {TH0, TL0}

• Timer 1 : {TH1, TL1}

• only TCON is bit-addressable

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Serial port registers

• on-chip serial port for communicating with serial devices

• Serial data BUFfer (SBUF) holds both the transmit data (writing to buffer) and the receive data (reading from buffer)

• Various modes of operation on bit-addressable Serial port CONtrol register (SCON)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Interrupt registers

• 5-source, 2-priority level interrupt structure

• interrupts are disabled as default by system reset

• should be enabled by writing to the Interrupt Enable register (IE)

• priority level is set through the Interrupt Priority register (IP)

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Power CONtrol register

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

IDLe mode

• an instruction that sets IDL bit will be the last instruction executed before entering idle mode

• CPU status preserved, all register contents are maintained

• port pins retain their logic levels

• ALE and PSEN are held high

• idle mode is terminated by any enabled interrupt or by system reset, either condition clears the IDL bit

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Power Down mode

• an instruction that sets PD bit will be the last instruction executed before entering power down mode

• on-chip oscillator stopped

• all function are stopped

• all on-chip RAM contents are retained

• port pins retain their logic levels

• ALE and PSEN are held low

• only exit is system reset

• VCC can be as low as 2V in power down mode

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

external memory

• 64K external code memory space and 64K external data memory space can be made available by 8051 architecture

• when external memory is used P0 is unavaliable as an I/O port

• P0 becomes a multiplexed address (A0-A7) and data (D0-D7) bus with ALE latching the low-byte of the address at the beginning of each memory cycle

• if MOVX instructions are never used ALE pulses consistently at 1/6 of crystal frequency

• if MOVX instruction is used both ALE and PSEN pulses are skipped once on the RD line to enable the RAM

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

multiplexing address and data buses

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

accessing external code memory

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

read timing for external code memory

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

accessing external data memory

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

accessing external data memory (cont’d)

MOVX instruction

MOVX A, @DPTR

SETB P2.0

SETB P2.1

MOV R0, #FFH

MOVX A, @R0 read 03FFH

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

address decoding

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

external memory (cont’d)

• increment RAM location by 1:

� it takes 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycles for internal RAM

� it takes 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles for external RAM

• external memory is ~ 7 times slower

• size:

� internal RAM is limited to 128B

� external RAM up to 64KB

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

overlapping the external code and data spaces

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

von Neumann architecture

stored program concept

program can modify themselves on the run

program faults can effect other programs, operating system leading to ‘crash’es

memory protection and access control

mechanisms against malware

von Neumann bottleneck

caches, branch prediction algorithms

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Hardvard architecture

• separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data

• modifying programs is entirely an offline process

• instruction memory often wider than data memory

• speed is gained at the expense of more complex electrical circuitry

• caches (high cost) for memory bound problem

• specialized DSPs (audio/video, etc.), small microcontrollers (PIC, etc.)

• modern high-performance CPU designs incorporate aspects of both von Neumann and Harvard architectures

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

ReSeT operation

• 8051 is reset by holding RST high for two machine cycles and then returning it low

power-on reset manual reset

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

Register values after system ReSeT

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

summary

• 8051 architecture and layout

• memory organization

• Special Function Registers

• external memory

Burak Galip ASLANFebruary, 2008

� http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~gathomso/EG2103/pull-up.doc� http://www.8052.com/tutmemor.phtml

references