8 % scattered by atmosphere

6% reflected by earth’s surface = f (sfc albedo)

Solar energy drives the world’s climate…Of the radiation received at the surface of the atmosphere:

19% absorbed by greenhouse gases (as well as longwave radiation from surface)

Leaves 46% absorbed by the earth’s surface which goes to heating the surface or evaporation.

17% reflected by clouds = f(cloud albedo)

= processes altered by human activities

Soil Temperature Dynamics: Forcing

Soil Temperature Profiles

Diurnal vertical heat transmission from solar inputs Follow downward heat pulses

Heat transmission from fire event

Seasonal vertical heat transmission note dampening and lag of signal

Seasonal vertical heat transmission note convergence on annual mean T at depth compare x- & y- axis scales with diurnal profiles

Borehole Temperatures

Annual to centennial vertical heat transmission

T record reconstruction

from signal unmixing

Boulder annual T record for comparison with our field measures