Aspects of the Civil WarsInvolvement of ColoniesInvolvement of Women

New Modelled ArmyChanges in the Builtscape

Colonies and the Civil War

Battle of Blanck Point, April 1644

• A ship from Bristol was spotted trading with Virginians by two larger London ships (Parl.)– Attacked on excuse that Virginians would not trade

with Londoners– Several casualties– Bristol ship escapes to shallow water

• Triggers Powhaten raid• June London privateer seizes Bristol ship in

Massachusetts

Maryland

1649 Maryland loyal to Charles II1649 Maryland Toleration Act, or Act Concerning Religion, mandated religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. 1654 Commonwealth forces take over1655 Ousted Governor Stone (a protestant appointed by Calvert) returns and is defeated at the Battle of the Severn1657 Puritans recognize authority of Lord Baltimore and restore totleration

Toleration Act

Hate speechAnyone calling a person a “heritick, Scismatick, Idolator, puritan, Independant, Prespiterian popish prest, Jesuite, Jesuited papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, or any other name or terme in a reproachfull manner relating to matter of Religion” shall be fined

Toleration act

• No one believing in Jesus Christ shall be molested or prevented from free exercise of their religion

• No one shall be compelled to profess belief or exercise in any other religion than their own

Massachusetts

• 1554 Act to prohibit bringing in Irish– Ask Parliament to forbid import

Caribbean

• 1639-1641 Ban on tobacco production in conjunction with French West Indies – Reaction to glut on market

• 1641 Rebellion in St. Christopher over payments during these yeas– Put down by governor

• 1642 2nd rebellion demands trial in England– Planters granted representative assembly

Sugar in Barbados

1642 Introduced by Dutch−Feedstock, fuel, rum1644 Larger plantations export sugar1645 Boston slave traders pick up cargo of wine, salt, sugar, and tobacco in exchange for slaves

Sugar Mansion: Drax Hall, Barbados

Drax Hall Interior

Sugar Mansion St. Nicholas Abbey

Under Commonwealth and Protectorate

• Transport criminals and vagrants to West Indies, primarily Barbados but also Jamaica

• Indenture• Many move to Montserrat

East India Company

• 1654 Company loses its monopoly charter.• 1657 Cromwell renews the charter – Grants the EIC right to govern the South Atlantic

island of Saint Helena as supply station

Women and the Civil Wars

Roles

• Defend castles in husbands absence• Petition, demonstrate, protest• Visit jailed husbands• Construct siegeworks

Petition

• Elizabeth Lilburne and her companions in petitioned and were told that it was not for women to petition, they should stay at home and wash the dishes

• She replied “Sir, We have scarce any dishes left us to wash, and those we have we are not sure to keep them.”

Abuse

• Birth rates rose in areas after armies passed through

• Case of MW

Armies

• Drummer• Mary the scout• Cook• Nurse

Employment

• The wages of male harvesters rose much higher than those of women especially for skills such as scything which women were not expected to practisce.

• Wages of reapers, a job done predominantly by women with sickles rose higher than those of men, reflecting the shortage of women to do such work.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)Morgan Williams, Wales, innkeeper and brewer, marries sister of Thomas Cromwell

Richard Williams changes name to Cromwell. Receives former church lands

Sir Henry Cromwell builds on sites of Benedictine abbey and convent

Oliver Cromwell Robert Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell, General, Protector

"Ramsey Abbey 1" by Chris Stafford. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ramsey_Abbey_1.jpg#/media/File:Ramsey_Abbey_1.jpg

Summer residence, HenryWinter residence, Henry

Residence, Ely 1636−1646

Promotions

July 1642, delegated by Commons to prevent transfer of Cambridge U plate to Charles; raises cavalry companyFebruary 1643, From captain to colonel

• To deputies“You must act lively; do it without distraction. Neglect no means”; “Service must be done. Command you and be obeyed!”

February 1644, As de facto commander of cavalry, appointed lieutenant-general

Composition of New Model Army

• 11 cavalry regiments of 600 men• 12 infantry regiments of 1200 men– 2/3 musketeers; 1/3 pikemen

• 1 regiment of dragoons of 1000 men• Artillery train of 50 guns

Command

• Sir Thomas Fairfax, captain general• Philip Skippon, major-general of foot• Oliver Cromwell, lieutenant-general of horse• Thomas Hammond, lieutenant-general of

ordnance

A ‘Slighted’ Castle: Raglan, Monmouthshire

Sherborne Old Castle, Dorset