Post on 18-Jan-2018
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Mouse Trackball Joystick Touchpad
Troughput Error rate
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Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Graphic EditorsMARK UP
DRAW SIL
Executive SubsystemsAll Subsystems
Text EditorsPOET SOS
DISPED
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
High-level models of human-computer behavior
• Developing Theories in HCI– must explain and predict human behaviour in the human-computer system
– must work in a wide variety of task situations
– must work within broad spectrum of system designs and implementations
• Some low-level theories can be used to predict human performance– Fitts’ law: time to select an item with a pointing device
– Keystroke level model: sums up times for keystroking, pointing, homing, drawing, thinking and waiting
• General models that explain human behaviour with machines– Syntactic/semantic model (Shneiderman)
– Stages of interaction (Norman)
– all of psychology!
Syntactic/semantic model of user knowledge
•A high level model of interaction, developed by Ben Shneiderman
Action ObjectAction Object
Task Computer
Semantic Syntactic
1. Syntactic knowledge
•The rules or combinations of commands and signals
– seen as device-dependent details of how to use system
– examples:
• backspace key delete previous character
• tab move to next field in a form
• right mouse button context menu
• grep <word> <file> find word in a file
• control-shift-K search messages (thunderbird)
Syntactic
1. Syntactic knowledge (continued)
User problems with syntactic knowledge
syntactic details differ between (and within!) systems
– little consistency –> arbitrary
hard to learn
easily forgotten
Action Object
Computer
2. Semantic knowledge: Computer conceptsThe meaning behind computer concepts
People learn them by– meaningful learning – demonstrations– explanations of features– trial by error– models, analogies
relatively stable in memory– high level concepts– logical structure– cognitive model produced
usually transferable across computer systems– but not always
But: prefer to concentrate on task, not computer knowledge
Action Object
Task
3. Semantic knowledge: task concepts
•The meaning behind the task concepts
– is independent of the computer– Similar mechanism to computer concepts
•Examples– how to write a business plan
• format concerns• stylistic concerns• paragraph structure, etc.
– creating a budget
What Syntactic/Semantic Model reveals
•Mapping between the 3 items is key
– Task semantics to computer semantics to computer syntax• task semantics: write document• computer semantics: open a file, use editor, save it to disk• computer syntax: select menu items, key strokes for
formatting,...
– Bad mapping: using latex to write document• aside from task semantics, must also know semantics/syntax of:
– text editor– latex– Unix compiling and printing sequence (to typeset and print)
– Good mapping: trashcan to throw away files• must know mouse syntax of selecting and dragging• computer semantics almost analogous to task semantics
Guideline from syntactic/semantic model•Reduce burden to task-oriented user of learning separate computer semantics and syntax
•computer semantics– Use metaphors– hide unnecessary information
•computer syntax– A little learning should go a long way...– As simple as possible and uniformly applicable– Generic commands– Syntax consistent between systems
Four Stages of an Interaction
(a simplified version of Norman’s 7 stages)
1. Form intention
2. Select an action
3. Execute the action
4. Evaluate the outcome
The four stages when performing a task
Physical activity
Execution
ActionSpecification
Intention
Goals
Evaluation
Interpretation
Perception
Mental activity
expectation
Example task: improve document’s formattingintention-1
intention-2
intention-3
actionspecification
evaluate-1
evaluate-2
evaluate-3
interpretation
intention-4 evaluate-4
look better
block para
.pp->.sp
execution perception
getformatted
output
actionspecification
execution
interpretation
printer
perception
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
GoalsPhysicalSystem
gulf ofexecution
Gulf of Execution
•Do actions provided by system correspond to the intentions of the user?
•Gulf:– amount of effort exerted to transform intentions into selected and
executed actions•Good system:
– direct mappings between Intention and selections
GoalsPhysicalSystem
gulf ofevaluation
Gulf of Evaluation
•Can feedback be interpreted in terms of intentions and expectations?
•Gulf:– amount of effort exerted to interpret feedback
•Good system:– feedback easily interpreted as task expectations
Bridging the Gulfs
GoalsPhysicalSystem
execution bridgeintentions
action specificationsinterface
mechanism
evaluation bridge
interpretationsinterfacedisplay
evaluations