Post on 02-Jan-2016
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Brain to Body Ratio
1:500Brain to Body Ratio
3:150If the human brain were of the same ratio as the gorilla’s, our brain would only weigh 5 ounces!
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It’s an amazing 3 pound mass that separates us from all other animals!If you were to compare humans to other animals in any other area (strength, endurance, vision, hearing, and so on) humans would seem less remarkable.
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OBJECTIVES:● List consequences that can occur if the frontal lobe is damaged.
● Discover how verbal tasks interfere with right-handed motor skills – results of the Kinsbourne & Cook study (1971)
● Describe condition known as agnosia.
● Identify which parts of the brain were activated while viewing a video clip.
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Temporal Lobe “Hearing”
Demonstration
(Humming the Star Spangled Banner)
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FRONTAL LOBEIf damaged, here’s a likely list of consequences:
• Inappropriate emotions
• Socially unacceptable behaviors (usually meaning fewer inhibitions)
• Inability to make long-range plans
• Easily distracted• Difficulty
integrating facts
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FRONTAL LOBEExample of a person
with frontal lobe damage:He/she goes into the bedroom to make the bed, becomes distracted by the wallpaper, which he/she decides need to be changed, and rips it down!
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Kinsbourne & Cook Study - 1971Subjects completed a verbal task while balancing a wooden rod on either the left or the right finger.
Subjects were able to balance the rod longer on their left finger than on their right.
Apparently, a verbal task (left-hemisphere skill) interferes with a right-handed motor skill (a left-hemisphere motor-strip task).
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Imagine gazing at a running shoe, taking in the laces and the color of the stripes, drawing the shoe on a big piece of paper with crayons, yet not being able to identify the object as a shoe…
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AGNOSIA….
AKA: Mindblindness
- Results from brain injury
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If a person with agnosia is able to feel the object (however), he/she can then name the object without hesitation.
Several senses need to be stimulated in order for a whole picture to develop.
Some people develop facial agnosia, where they may not be able to identify their own family members until they hear their voices.
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OBJECTIVES:● Describe what the Broca’s area is and results if the area is damaged.
● Discover which of your motor strips is dominant.
● Describe the Mozart effect.
● Name/list famous left-handed people.
● Describe what split brain is & how it affects a person with a split brain..
● Discover how to utilize both sides of the brain while taking notes.
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Question:If both a woman and a man have a stroke that damages this area (Broca’s area), who is more likely to recover?
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Question:If both a woman and a man have a stroke that damages this area (Broca’s area), who is more likely to recover?
Brain imaging techniques reveal that many women process speech and language in both hemispheres, so a woman is much more likely to recover her verbal skills.
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WERNICKE’S area is located in the left temporal lobe and is involved in the process of understanding (processing) words we hear spoken.
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Exploration – Motor Strip Dominance
Make tallies under these categories:
Left Right No Preference
when I ask you the following questions……. (Go with what comes first/naturally.)
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Exploration – Motor Strip Dominance
1) Which hand do you write with?2) Which hand holds scissors?3) Which hand holds a hammer?4) Which arm goes first into a jacket?5) Which arm goes into the loop of a
backpack/book bag first?6) Which hand is on top when you clap?7) Which hand deals out cards?8) Which foot kicks a ball?
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In 1998, Governor Zell Miller of Georgia made sure every baby born in his state received an audiotape with classical music on it.
A number of studies have show the positive effects music can have on
the brain and this was one attempt at applying some of these findings.
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THE MOZART EFFECT
Study done at the University of California at Irvine.
Researchers found that listening to Mozart prior to completing a spatial task improved spatial reasoning.
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SPLIT BRAIN- David McNeil (@University of Chicago)- Left-Hemisphere seems to specialize in
linguistic coding: Syntax & Grammar- Right-Hemisphere seems to specialize
in imagery, which may be reflected through gestures.
- During discourse, it’s common for split-brain patients to speak, pause, then gesture, then resume speaking again.
- CONCLUSION: BOTH HEMISPHERES ARE INVOLVED IN LANGUAGE.
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SPLIT BRAIN – Story Problem
Split-Brain Sam is blind-folded. With his LEFT hand, he picks up a bell. He feels it… He rings it…. He knows it’s a bell.
Would he be able to SAY it is a bell?
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SPLIT BRAIN – Story Problem (Answer)Since he CAN HEAR it, since BOTH EARS hear the bell, both hemispheres also “hear” it, and the talking left-hemisphere would be able to say, “It’s a bell.”
HOWEVER, if he just picked it up and did NOT ring it, Split-Brain Sam probably would NOT be able to verbalize that the object name is “bell.”
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The brain is remarkable in what it can do. This lecture will show that the brain plays an important part in everything we think and do.
Brain, Body and Behavior
CHAPTER 3
EXIT
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The brain is remarkable in what it can do. This lecture will show that the brain plays an important part in everything we think and do.
Brain, Body and Behavior
CHAPTER 3
EXIT
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Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and controls very high level thought processes.
EXIT
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Front
Right
Rear
Left
The Corpus Callosum is a thin band of tissues inside the fissure.
EXIT
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Tasks of the Cerebral Hemispheres
The brain is divided into halves. Each half, or hemisphere, controls the opposite side of the body.
EXIT
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The cerebral cortex covers, protects, and influences the lower brain structures.
The Lower Brain
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
EXIT
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The Lower BrainThe thalamus acts as a relay station to send incoming and outgoing messages to appropriate areas in the brain.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
EXIT
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The Lower Brain
The hypothalamus controls hunger, pleasure, thirst, rage, and sexual desire.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
EXIT
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The Lower Brain
The cerebellum helps you to stand upright and keeps your movements coordinated.
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
Pituitary
Reticular activating system
HippocampusHypothalamus
Thalamus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex
EXIT
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The Limbic System is involved with basic emotions and memory. Two important structures include
the amygdala (emotional responses and aggression)
the hippocampus (the formation of new memories)
The Reticular Activating System keeps track of nerve impulse activity and helps regulate how alert or sleepy we feel.
Other Lower Brain Structures
EXIT
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Brain Communication
A NEURON is a nerve cell. It is the smallest part of the nervous system.
EXIT
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Brain Communication
Dendrites branch off the body of the neuron and receive impulses from other neurons.
EXIT
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Brain Communication
Axons gather impulses from dendrites and carry them to other neurons.
EXIT
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The synapse is the space between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron.
Brain Communication
EXIT
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Neurotransmitters are messenger molecules (pain, pleasure, movement)
EXIT
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Dopamine• involved in movement• a shortage can cause Parkinson’s disease
Endorphins • relieve pain and• increase the sense of well-being (“natural
morphine”)
Acetylcholine• sends information to other nerve cells when some
part of the body moves• can affect memory• production of this neurotransmitter can be shut
down by food poisoning
EXIT
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Central Nervous SystemT he Brain and the Spinal Cord
Som aticVoluntary M usclesand Sense Organs
slow s heartbeatcontracts pupils
stim ulates digestionetc.
Parasym patheticcalm s body after action
dilates eyesaccelerates heartbeat
inhibits digestionetc.
Sym patheticprepares body for action
Autonom icInvoluntary M usclesand Internal Organs
Peripheral System
The Nervous System
EXIT
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The Endocrine System
Click on the arrows for more information.
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Female gonads (ovaries)
Male gonads (testes) EXIT
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Pituitary Gland• the master gland• controlled by the
hypothalamus• sends a message to other
glands to begin working• determines how tall or
short a person will be
The Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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EXIT
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The Gonads• sex glands that produce
either sperm or eggs used in reproduction
The Endocrine System
Female gonads (ovaries)
Male gonads (testes)
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Click for more information.
EXIT
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The Endocrine System
The Thyroid Gland• controls metabolism• overactive thyroid may
cause restlessness and anxiety
• underactive thyroid may result in sadness and even depression
Thyroid
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
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EXIT
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The Endocrine System
The Adrenal Gland• secretes adrenaline into
the bloodstream• blood pressure goes up,
muscles tense, and hands tremble
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
Gonads
Thyroid
Adrenal gland
Click for more information.
EXIT