Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Inrjy Nthcdl ]aihry
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Hgoiltdvis
>. Ykmirstnkm tai adsthry hb nthc gy
kncdkf nkm trnldkf tai
lhktrdgutdhks hb tai sldiktdst
7. Ikucirnti tai Mnjthks nthcdl
taihry
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Hgoiltdvis
=. Lhcpnri nkm lhktrnst nthcdl
cnss brhc nthcdl kucgir
9. Lhcputi bhr tai mibdkdti
prhphrtdhk nkm lhcphsdtdhk
2. Lhcputi bhr cujtdpji prhphrtdhk
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]dcijdki hb Inrjy
Laicdstry
GL
Kh stumdis
wiri cnmi
==5 GL
Icpimhljis (Frii`)
Bdri, wntir,
Inrta nkm ndr
=65-
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]dcijdki hb Inrjy
Laicdstry Njj bhrcs hb cnttirwiri mdvdsdgji
dkth tdky pnrtdljis
N]HC\(mirdvim brhc Frii`
N]HCH\) Nthcswiri dk lhkstnkt chtdhknkm
tant taiy lhcgdkim wdta hkinkhtairdk vnrdhus wnys.
Uurijy spilujntdvi ayphtaisdskhsldiktdbdl gnsds
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]dcijdki hb Inrjy
Laicdstry
Nrdsthtjihpphsimtai taihry nkm
ikmhrsim nkm nmvnklim tai
Icpimhljink taihry.
]ai Nrdsthtjink taihry hb cnttir
mhcdkntimuktdj tai gifdkkdkf hb
tai >6taliktury.
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Mnjthks Nthcdl ]aihry
Nbtir yinrs hb stumy, Ohak Mnjthk
prhphsim nk nthcdl chmijgnsim
hk bnltsnkm ixpirdciktnj
ivdmikli.
\tnkms ns n jnkmcnr`dk tai
mivijhpcikt hb laicdstry.
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Mnjthks Nthcdl ]aihry
Ijiciktsnri lhcphsimhb cdkuti,
dkmdvdsdgji pnrtdljis lnjjim nthcs.
Nthcshb tai snci ijiciktnri
njd`idk cnssnkm sdzi.
Nthcshb mdbbirikt ijiciktsanvi
mdbbiriktcnssisnkm sdzis.
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Mnjthks Nthcdl ]aihry
Laicdlnj lhcphukmsnri bhrcimgy tai ukdhkhb twh hr chri nthcshb mdbbirikt ijicikts.
Nthcslhcgdkith bhrc lhcphukmsdk sdcpji kucirdlnj rntdhs.
Nthcs hb twh ijicikts cny
lhcgdki dk mdbbirikt rntdhs th bhrcchri tank hki lhcphukm.
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Mnjthks Nthcdl ]aihry
\hcihb tai phstujntisnri stdjj
vnjdmgut shcicust gi chmdbdim
nkm qunjdbdim.
Nthcsnri lhcphsimhb sugnthcdl
pnrtdljis.
Kht njj tai nthcshb n spildbdl ijicikt
anvi tai snci cnss. Nthcs, ukmir spildnj ldrlucstnklis
lnk gi milhcphsim.
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Mdslhviry hb Dhks
Cdlanij Bnrnmny
Mdslhvirim tant lirtndk sugstnklis
waik mdsshjvim dk wntir lhkmult
ijiltrdl lurrikt.
Khtdlim tant lirtndk lhcphukms
milhcphsi dkth taidr ijicikts gy
pnssdkf nk ijiltrdl lurrikt
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Mdslhviry hb Dhks
Nthcs hb shci ijicikts nri
nttrnltim th tai phsdtdvi ijiltrhmi
]ahsi hb tai htair ijicikts nri
nttrnltim th tai kifntdvi ijiltrhmi
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Bnrnmnys Lhkljusdhk
Nthcs nri ijiltrdlnjjy lanrfim.
Ai lnjjim taic ns dhksnbtir tai
Frii` whrm wadla cinks
wnkmirir.
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\vnkti Nrraikdus
Kn+ chvis thwnrms tai kifntdvi
ijiltrhmi (lntahmi)
Lj-chvis thwnrms tai phsdtdvi
ijiltrhmi (nkhmi)
Uhsdtdvi dhks lntdhks
Kifntdvi dhks nkdhks
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Lrhh`is ]ugis
(Lntahmi Wny ]ugi)
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]ai Ijiltrhk? Mdslhviry
Dk >146, Ohsipa O. ]ahcshk, nk
Ikfjdsa paysdldst, mitircdkim tai
ijiltrdl lanrfi-th-cnss rntdh hb
ijiltrhk (i/c), gy stumydkf taimibjiltdhk hb lntahmi rnys dk
cnfkitdl nkm ijiltrdlnj bdijms
nppjdim nt rdfat nkfji th inlahtair.
Dts vnjui ds ->.692 x >51lhujhcgs/f.
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]ai Urhthk? Cnss
]ahcshk mdslhvirim tai knturi hb
prhthk
]ai cnss hb n prhthkwns bhukm th
gi >.26< x >5-7=fwadla ds istdcntim
th gi >1
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]ai Kiutrhk? Mdslhviry
Ixpirdciktnj ivdmikli mdslussim inrjdir
sahw tant prhthks anvi chri cnss tank
ijiltrhks.
Ixtiksdvi risinrlais anvi sahwk tanttai kuljius lhktndks htair pnrtdljis nsdmi
brhc tai prhthks.
]aisi pnrtdljis nri lnjjim kiutrhks.
Oncis Lanmwdl , n Grdtdsa paysdldst,
mdslhvirim tai kiutrhk dk >4
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]ai Kiutrhk? Cnss
Kiutrhks nmm th tai cnss hb tai
prnltdlnjjy iqunj th tant hb n
prhthk.
Dt wns bhukm th anvi n cnss hb >.269
x >5-7=f.
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]ai Kuljius
Irkist Wutairbhrm, n Grdtdsa
paysdldst, lhcpjitijy ukrnvijim
tai knturi hb Gilquirij rnys. ]ai tarii typis hb rnys icdttim
hllurrdkf rnmdhnltdvi cntirdnjs
wiri kncim njpan (), gitn(), nkm fnccn().
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]ai Kuljius? Njpan
\lnttirdkf Ixpirdcikt
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]ai Kuljius? Njpan
\lnttirdkf Ixpirdcikt
]ai risujt hb ads ixpirdcikt sahwim
tant
Chst hb tai pnrtdljis pnssim tarhufa
ukmibjiltim.
N biw pnssim tarhufa wdta jnrfi
nkfjis hb mibiltdhk.
N biw ghuklim gnl` ds tai mdriltdhkbrhc wadla taiy lnci.
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]ai Kuljius?
Fhjm Bhdj Ixpirdcikt
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Nthcdl Kucgir? Mibdkdtdhk
]ai N]HCDL KYCGIW(kuljinr
lanrfis) riprisikts tai kucgir hb
ukdt phsdtdvi lanrfishk tai kuljius
nkm ds iqunjth tai kucgir hbprhthksdk tai kuljius sdkli inla
prhthk lnrrdis n (+) lanrfi.
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Nthcdl Kucgir?
Mdstdkltdhk
]ads kucgir, kht tai nthcdl cnss
tant mdstdkfudsais hki ijicikt brhc
nkhtair.
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Nthcdl Kucgir?
Lhkljusdhk
\dkli nk nthc ds ijiltrdlnjjy
kiutrnj, dt cust anvi cnky
ijiltrhks ns dt ans prhthks.
]airibhri, tai nthcdl kucgir njsh
dkmdlntis tai kucgir hb ijiltrhks ds
tai kiutrnj nthc ukmir
lhksdmirntdhk.
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Cnss Kucgir? Mibdkdtdhk
]ai cnss kucgirhb nk nthc ds tai
thtnj kucgir hb kiutrhks nkm
prhthks (kuljihks) dk tai kuljius hb
nk nthc.
Dt bhjjhws tant tai cnss kucgir
cdkus tai kucgir hb prhthks
iqunjs tai kucgir hb kiutrhks.
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Cnss Kucgir? Lnjlujntdhk
Cnss kucgir 3 kucgir hb kiutrhks +
nthcdl kucgir
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Kuljdmi? Mibdkdtdhk
N Kuljdmi, n spildbdl typi hb nthc,
ds misdfkntim gy usdkf tai laicdlnj
sycghj bhr tai ijicikt wdta nthcdl
kucgir pjnlim nt tai jhwir jibtlhrkir hb tai sycghj nkm tai cnss
kucgir pjnlim nt tai uppir jibt
lhrkir.
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Kuljdmi? Ixncpji
>7L2 Cnss kucgir ds >7
Nthcdl Kucgir ds 2
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Dshthpis
D\H]HUI\ nri nthcs hb n fdvik
ijicikt wadla mdbbir dk nthcdl
cnss gut wadla anvi tai snci
kuljinr lanrfi (nthcdl kucgir ).
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Dshthpis
Dshthpis anvi viry sdcdjnr laicdlnj
prhpirtdis. Bhr ixncpji, lajhrdki
nthcs nri hb twh typis?
6 nkm6
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]ai nthcdl lhcphsdtdhks hb
taisi dshthpis nri?
p k i
6 >6 >1 >6
6 >6 75 >6
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Dshthpis
Inla ans >6 prhthks nkm >6
ijiltrhks0 ahwivir, 1
kiutrhks nkm
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Nthcdl Vidfats
]ai widfat hb tads dshthpi ds
nrgdtrnrdjy mibdkim ns ixnltjy >7
nthcdl widfats ukdts nkm tai
cnssis njj htair nthcs nrilhcpnrim wdta dt.
]airibhri?
> ncu (hr nthcdl cnss ukdt) ds
mibdkim ns hki-twijbta tai cnss hb
tai kuljdmi >7L2.
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Nthcdl Vidfats
Wij. Nt. Vt. 3 (% ngukmnkli x
dshthpdl widfat)
Lhksdmir tai knturnj dshthpis hb
lajhrdki?
Dshthpdl Vidfats Dshthpdl Ngukmnkli
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Jnw hb mibdkdti prhphrtdhk hr
mibdkdti lhcphsdtdhkn. >5< f hb lhppir lnrghknti 9< f hb lhppir
+ =5 f hxyfik + >5 f lnrghk
g. >5 f hb jinm + >.92 f sujbur >>.92 f hb jinm sujbdmi
>5.55 f jinm + >.92 f hb jinm sujbdmi +>.== f sujbur ( jibthvir)
Nky sujbur dk ixliss hb >.92 f wns n jibthvir, ukrinltim.
>1.55 f hb jinm + >.92 f hb sujbur >>.92 f hb jinm
sujbdmi + 1.55 f hb jinm ( jibthvir)
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Jnw hb Cujtdpji Urhphrtdhk
]ads stntis tant waik twh ijicikts
lhcgdki th bhrc chri tank hki
lhcphukm, tai cnssis hb hki ijicikt
wadla lhcgdkim wdta bdxim cnss hb taihtair ijicikts nri dk rntdh hb scnjj wahji
kucgir sula ns >?>,7?>,7?2 f hb hxyfik bhr
iviry >7 f hb lnrghk.
]ai rntdh hb tai nchukts hb hxyfik dk
lnrghk chkhxdmi nkm lnrghk mdhxdmi ds >2
th 7< hr >?7
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Jnw hb Lhcgdkdkf Vidfats
\tntis tant tai prhphrtdhks gy widfat
waik laicdlnj rinltdhks tn`i pjnli lnk
gi ixprissim dk tircs hb scnjj dktifrnj
cujtdpjdis hb bdxim kucgirs lnjjimlhcgdkdkf widfat.
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]airi nri twh wnys th shjvi bhr tai
lhcgdkdkf widfat hb nk ijicikt
>. Brhc tai fdvik pirliktnfi lhcphsdtdhk hb
tai lhcphukm hr tai fdvik widfats hb tai
ijicikts.
7. Brhc tai `khwk nthcdl widfat nkm dts
vnjikli.
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Ixncpji
>. ]ai lhcphsdtdhk hb cnfkisduc hxdmi ds =5% H
nkm 25% Cf. Vant ds tai lhcgdkdkf widfat hb
cnfkisduc8
\hjutdhk? Cn`i n prhphrtdhk ns?% hb ijicikts hr
widfat hb ijicikt 3 % hr widfat hb hxyfik
lhcgdkdkf widfat 1hb tai ijicikt
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Ixncpji
Dk lnsi Aymrhfik ds fdvik dk tai prhgjic, usi >
dkstinm hb 1.
widfat hb Cf 3 % hr widfat hb hxyfik
lhcgdkdkf widfat 1hb Cf
25 3 =5
Q 1Q 3 >7 ( lhcgdkdkf widfat hb cnfkisduc) hr brhc
tai nthcdl widfat nkm tai vnjikli hb tai
ijicikt
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Ixncpji
Q 3 >7 ( lhcgdkdkf widfat hb cnfkisduc) hr brhc
tai nthcdl widfat nkm tai vnjikli hb tai
ijicikt?
LHCGDKDKF VIDFA] 3 nthcdl widfatvnjikli
7=/ 7 3 >7
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Ixncpji
>2
hb zdkl
>2
Q 3
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
n. Vant ds tai cnss dk frncs hb
kdtrhfik tant ricndks ukrinltim8
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
g. Vant ds tai cnss dk frncs hb
kdtrhfik tant ds lhksucim8
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
l. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb
cnfkisduc dk cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
m. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb kdtrhfik
( lhksucim hr lhcgdkim kdtrhfik)dk cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
i. Vant ds tai prhphrtdhk hb
cnfkisduc th kdtrhfik dkcnfkisduc kdtrdmi8
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Urhgjic >
N 5.1.167 f hb kdtrhfik fns.
Njj tai cnfkisduc ds usim up0>.>97
f hb cnfkisduc kdtrdmi , ahwivir,ds tai hkjy prhmult.
b. Vant ds tai lhcphsdtdhk hb
cnfkisduc kdtrdmi8
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Urhgjic 7
Ysdkf tai mntn dk Ixncpji >
n. Lhcputi bhr tai widfat hb
cnfkisduc nkm kdtrhfik dk
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Urhgjic 7
l. Bdkm tai widfat hb cnfkisduc
kdtrdmi bhrcim brhc tai rinltdhk hb
9.271 f cnfkisduc nkm >.71< f
kdtrhfik.
Fd ta j j
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Fdvi tai chjilujnr
bhrcujn
>. Fdvi tai chjilujnr hr bhrcujn
cnss hb inla lhcphukm
n. Nsgisths, Cf (\d=H>5)(HA)1
g. Yrin, LH(KA7)7
l. Drhk Wust, Bi7H
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Dshgnrs
Nthcs cny njsh anvi tai sncicnss kucgirs gut mdbbirikt nthcdlkucgirs.
7>=Ug17nkm 7>=Gd1