5-20-15

• Get the notes packet from the front.

• Get out your “nomenclature” worksheet

Not the right attitude!!!

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

CARBON IS FOUND IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS.

CARBON ATOMS CAN BOND WITH HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, AND PHOSPHORUS TO FORM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS FOR ORGANISMS AND THE MAJOR SOURCE OF THEIR CHEMICAL ENERGY.

CARBON COMPOUNDS = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS• CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS INCLUDE:

• SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS (MADE OF H AND C)

• SMALL CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

• COMPLEX POLYMERS

• BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES.

• PETROCHEMICALS CONTAIN HYDROCARBONS, INCLUDING PROPANE, BUTANE, AND OCTANE.

• COMMON PHARMACEUTICALS THAT ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INCLUDE ASPIRIN, VITAMINS, INSULIN AND MANY OTHERS.

• THERE IS A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC MOLECULES.

WHY IS CARBON SO IMPORTANT?•CARBON ATOMS HAVE THE ABILITY TO FORM STRONG BONDS.•NOT ONLY CAN CARBON ATOMS BOND TO H, N, O, P AND S ATOMS, BUT A CARBON ATOM

CAN BOND TO OTHER CARBON ATOMS!

-THIS GIVES CARBON THE ABILITY TO FORM LONG CHAINS

-THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE,

OR TRIPLE COVALENT BONDS

-CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS CAN CLOSE AND FORM RINGS

•ALLOWS CARBON TO BE THE FOUNDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES.

•ALLOWS FOR A LARGE VARIETY OF STRUCTURES SUCH AS DNA, RNA, LIPIDS,

CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS (AMINO ACIDS).

POLYMERS

MONOMER - A MOLECULE THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHERS OF THE SAME KIND TO FORM A POLYMER. 

Polymer - Small molecules link to make large molecules that have combination of repetitive subunits.

A STRING OF PEARLS

+ + +…..

=

NATURAL POLYMERS

PROTEINS

POLYMER - WHEN MANY AMINO ACIDS BOND TOGETHER TO CREATE LONG CHAINS, THE POLYMER IS CALLED A PROTEIN (IT IS ALSO CALLED A POLYPEPTIDE BECAUSE IT CONTAINS MANY PEPTIDE BONDS).

Monomer - Amino acids

Insulin – A Human protein

DNA (A NUCLEIC ACID) IS A POLYMER

DNA is made of monomers called __Nucleotides_

DNA IS MADE OF MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES

A

G T

C

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P

NH

O

O

CH3

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P N

NN

NH2

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P N

NHN

NH2

O

NO

O

OH

OH

OH

O

P

N

NH2

O

CARBOHYDRATES

MONOMER - THE SIMPLE SUGARS

GLUCOSE, SUCROSE, FRUCTOSE (AND MANY OTHERS)

Polymer - The complex carbohydrates. Starch and Cellulose

are long chains of simple sugars

LIPIDS• MONOMER = FATTY ACID

SATURATION

• THE SATURATION DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF HYDROGEN BONDED TO THE CARBONS. WHEN THERE ARE DOUBLE OF TRIPLE BONDS, THE MOLECULE IS LESS SATURATED (LESS H).

• THE NUMBER AND ORIENTATION OF THE HYDROGEN ATTACHED TO THE CARBON BACKBONE AFFECTS THE SHAPE AND REACTIVITY OF THE CARBON COMPOUNDS.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS: PLASTICS

Monomer:Vinyl

chlorideC2H3Cl

Polymer:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

……[C2H3Cl]n……

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

• HUMAN-MADE (SYNTHETIC) POLYMERS INCLUDE POLYTHENE, NYLON AND KEVLAR.

• THESE PLASTICS MADE FROM PETROCHEMICALS ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT CONSIST OF LONG CHAINS OF CARBONS.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS AND THEIR USES

DRAWING STRUCTURES FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

UGH! DRAWING AGAIN????

DRAWING LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES

• PUT THE CARBONS IN THE MIDDLE. CONNECT THE C ATOMS TOGETHER IN A CHAIN. IF YOU HAVE ANY ATOMS OTHER THAN H, THEY CONNECT TO THE CARBON.

• PUT THE HYDROGEN AS SYMMETRICALLY AS POSSIBLE ON THE OUTSIDE OF EVERYTHING ELSE.

• GIVE EVERYTHING AN OCTET (8 E-) EXCEPT H GETS 2 E-.

• THESE SIMPLE ORGANIC CHAINS CAN JOIN TOGETHER INTO RING STRUCTURES – AS YOU WILL SEE ON THE “ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS” WS.

PROPANE: C3H8

ETHENE: C2H4

BUTANOLCH3CH2CH2CH2OH OR C4H9OH

BENZENE (RING) C6H6

ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (LOOK AT WKS)