Post on 07-Apr-2018
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CECIRLY G. PUIG
Asst. Professor IUniversity of Southeastern PhilippinesTagum-Mabini Campus
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Introduction
• Cells are the basic units of organisms
– Cells can only be observed under microscope
• Two basic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Plant Cell
–
Made of cellulose which forms very thin
fibres
– Strong and rigid
– In plant cells only
• Cell wall
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– Protect and support
the enclosedsubstances
(protoplasm)
– Resist entry of excess water into the cell
– Give shape to the cell
• Cell wall
Plant Cell
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– A dead layer
– Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibres
freely permeable
• Cell wall
Plant Cell
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– Lies immediatelyagainst the cell wall
– Made of protein and
lipid Selectivelypermeable
• Cell membrane
Plant Cell
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–
A living layer – Can control the
movement of
materials into andout of the cell
• Cell membrane
Plant Cell
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– Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cellmembrane
– Provide a medium for
chemical reactions to
take place
• Cytoplasm
Plant Cell
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– Contains organellesand granules :
•e.g. chloroplast
•e.g. mitochondrion
• Cytoplasm
Plant Cell
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Organelles very small size – can only be
observed under electron
microscope
has specific functions
in cytoplasm
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– Contain the greenpigment chlorophyll
•To trap light energy,
to make food by
photosynthesis
Plant Cell• Chloroplast
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– Contain starch grains
(products of
photosynthesis)
• ChloroplastPlant Cell
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– Rod shape
– For respiration
Plant Cell• Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
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– Active cells ( eg.sperms, liver cells)
have more
mitochondria
Plant Cell• Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
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– Starch granules
– Oil droplets
– Crystals of insoluble wastes
Plant Cell• Non-living
granules
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– large central vacuole
– Surrounded by tonoplast
– Contains cell sap
• a solution of chemicals
(sugars, proteins,
mineral salts, wastes,
pigments)
Plant Cell• Vacuole
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– Control the normal
activities of the cell
– Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
–
Contains thread-like chromosomes
Plant Cell
•
Nucleus
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– Each cell has fixed
number of chromosomes
• Chromosomes carry
genes
–
genes control cell characteristics
•
Nucleus
Plant Cell
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Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen
granule
cell
membrane
cytoplasm
Animal cell
•No cell wall andchloroplast
• Stores glycogen
granules and oildroplets in the
cytoplasm
vacuole
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Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cellssperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between plant cells
and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surroundingthe cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant cellsand animal cells
Animal cells Plant cellsRelatively smaller in
size
Irregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in
size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen granules as
food store
Nucleus at the centre
Large central vacuole
Starch granules as
food store
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between plant cellsand animal cells
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Microscope
• Instrument for
observing small
objects
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Different parts of amicroscope
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Eyepiece
Fine adjustment
Arm
StageCondenser
control knob
Base
Body tube
Course
adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolvingnosepiece
Objective
Clip
Condenser
Mirror
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The cell as the basic unit of life• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cellonly
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions – e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis
and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work
as a whole to perform special
functions
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Tissue
• A group of similar cells to perform a
particular function – Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular
tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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Organ• Different tissues group together to
carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,nervous tissue and blood vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart
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System
•Several organs and tissues work togetherto carry out a particular set of functions in a
co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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System in our body• examples of systems :
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
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The Respiratory System
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The Circulatory System
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The Nervous System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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Level of Organizationcells (e.g. muscle cells, nerve
cells)tissues (e.g. muscle, epithelium)
organs (e.g. heart, lungs, stomach)
systems (e.g. circulatory system)
organisms (e.g. man)
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